利用中国区域地面气象要素数据集制作的大气强迫场驱动通用陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land M odel version 4.5)对青藏高原区域进行离线模拟试验,模拟结果与D66、沱沱河(TTH)和玛曲(Maqu)3个站点的观测资料以及GLDAS(Global Land Data A...利用中国区域地面气象要素数据集制作的大气强迫场驱动通用陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land M odel version 4.5)对青藏高原区域进行离线模拟试验,模拟结果与D66、沱沱河(TTH)和玛曲(Maqu)3个站点的观测资料以及GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation System)-CLM2模拟结果进行了对比,并分析了陆面模式对冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度模拟的偏差及其可能原因。结果表明:CLM4.5对土壤温度模拟较好(平均RM SE≈3℃),而GLDAS-CLM2计算的土壤温度偏高,偏差较大(平均RMSE>6℃),且其偏差大于CLM4.5,尤其在冻融期;CLM4.5能较好地模拟出冻融过程中土壤湿度季节变化,但土壤湿度的模拟值与观测值存在一定偏差(平均RMSE≈0.1 mm3·mm-3),GLDAS-CLM2不能反映出土壤湿度在冻融过程中的变化特征。CLM4.5的模拟偏差主要来自大气强迫场,而GLDAS-CLM2的偏差除了大气强迫场的不确定性外,还来自于模式冻融参数化方案的不完善。大气强迫场中的气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的影响在冻融期和非冻融期表现不同。在非冻融期,土壤温度的模拟主要受气温的影响(r>0.6),气温偏差对土壤温度偏差的贡献率大于50%;土壤湿度的变化则主要受降水的影响,降水偏差对土壤湿度偏差的贡献率为20%~40%。在冻融期,受土壤水热相互作用的影响,气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的作用效果减弱;土壤湿度的变化受气温影响显著,其贡献率为10%~20%。陆面模式中冻融参数方案的不完善是冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度偏差的重要来源之一。展开更多
The suprapermafrost groundwater in permafrost region not only is an important component of the water cycle and land surface process, but also is closely associated with the charges of ecological environment in cold re...The suprapermafrost groundwater in permafrost region not only is an important component of the water cycle and land surface process, but also is closely associated with the charges of ecological environment in cold region. However, the seasonal dynamics, driving factors, and mechanism of suprapermafrost groundwater are not well understood. Based on observation at slope scale on suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics of typical alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution and driving factors of suprapermafrost groundwater were analyzed. The results showed that there were close relationships between the seasonal dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and the freezing-thawing processes of active soil in permafrost region. The seasonal dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and its slope distribution pattern were controlled by soil temperature of active layers. The phase and range of the suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics are determined by deep soil(below 60 cm depth) moisture and groundwater recharging sources. The relationship between active soil temperatures and dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater levels was better described by Boltzmann functions. However, the influencing thresholds of soil temperature on groundwater dynamics varied at different depths of active layers and in different slope positions, which resulted in the significant spatial heterogeneity of suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics in slope scale. Land cover change and global warming certainly altered the dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and the hydraulic interaction between groundwater and rivers, and consequently altered the overall hydrologic cycle of watershed scale.展开更多
文摘利用中国区域地面气象要素数据集制作的大气强迫场驱动通用陆面模式CLM4.5(Community Land M odel version 4.5)对青藏高原区域进行离线模拟试验,模拟结果与D66、沱沱河(TTH)和玛曲(Maqu)3个站点的观测资料以及GLDAS(Global Land Data Assimilation System)-CLM2模拟结果进行了对比,并分析了陆面模式对冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度模拟的偏差及其可能原因。结果表明:CLM4.5对土壤温度模拟较好(平均RM SE≈3℃),而GLDAS-CLM2计算的土壤温度偏高,偏差较大(平均RMSE>6℃),且其偏差大于CLM4.5,尤其在冻融期;CLM4.5能较好地模拟出冻融过程中土壤湿度季节变化,但土壤湿度的模拟值与观测值存在一定偏差(平均RMSE≈0.1 mm3·mm-3),GLDAS-CLM2不能反映出土壤湿度在冻融过程中的变化特征。CLM4.5的模拟偏差主要来自大气强迫场,而GLDAS-CLM2的偏差除了大气强迫场的不确定性外,还来自于模式冻融参数化方案的不完善。大气强迫场中的气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的影响在冻融期和非冻融期表现不同。在非冻融期,土壤温度的模拟主要受气温的影响(r>0.6),气温偏差对土壤温度偏差的贡献率大于50%;土壤湿度的变化则主要受降水的影响,降水偏差对土壤湿度偏差的贡献率为20%~40%。在冻融期,受土壤水热相互作用的影响,气温和降水对土壤温度和湿度的作用效果减弱;土壤湿度的变化受气温影响显著,其贡献率为10%~20%。陆面模式中冻融参数方案的不完善是冻融过程中土壤温度和湿度偏差的重要来源之一。
基金supported by the National Natural Sciencjb Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41301024,40925002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.LZUJBKY-2014-124)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CBA01807)
文摘The suprapermafrost groundwater in permafrost region not only is an important component of the water cycle and land surface process, but also is closely associated with the charges of ecological environment in cold region. However, the seasonal dynamics, driving factors, and mechanism of suprapermafrost groundwater are not well understood. Based on observation at slope scale on suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics of typical alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution and driving factors of suprapermafrost groundwater were analyzed. The results showed that there were close relationships between the seasonal dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and the freezing-thawing processes of active soil in permafrost region. The seasonal dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and its slope distribution pattern were controlled by soil temperature of active layers. The phase and range of the suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics are determined by deep soil(below 60 cm depth) moisture and groundwater recharging sources. The relationship between active soil temperatures and dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater levels was better described by Boltzmann functions. However, the influencing thresholds of soil temperature on groundwater dynamics varied at different depths of active layers and in different slope positions, which resulted in the significant spatial heterogeneity of suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics in slope scale. Land cover change and global warming certainly altered the dynamics of suprapermafrost groundwater and the hydraulic interaction between groundwater and rivers, and consequently altered the overall hydrologic cycle of watershed scale.
