Recent advances in endoscopic technology allow detailed observation of the gastric mucosa.Today,endoscopy is used in the diagnosis of gastritis to determine the presence/absence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infecti...Recent advances in endoscopic technology allow detailed observation of the gastric mucosa.Today,endoscopy is used in the diagnosis of gastritis to determine the presence/absence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and evaluate gastric cancer risk.In 2013,the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society advocated the Kyoto classification,a new grading system for endoscopic gastritis.The Kyoto classification organized endoscopic findings related to H.pylori infection.The Kyoto classification score is the sum of scores for five endoscopic findings(atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness with or without regular arrangement of collecting venules)and ranges from 0 to 8.Atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,and nodularity contribute to gastric cancer risk.Diffuse redness and regular arrangement of collecting venules are related to H.pylori infection status.In subjects without a history of H.pylori eradication,the infection rates in those with Kyoto scores of 0,1,and≥2 were 1.5%,45%,and 82%,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 0 indicates no H.pylori infection.A Kyoto classification score of 2 or more indicates H.pylori infection.Kyoto classification scores of patients with and without gastric cancer were 4.8 and 3.8,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 4 or more might indicate gastric cancer risk.展开更多
Fold terminations are key features in the study of compressional fault-related folds. Such terminations could be due to loss of displacement on the thrust fault or/and forming a lateral or oblique ramp. Thus, high-qua...Fold terminations are key features in the study of compressional fault-related folds. Such terminations could be due to loss of displacement on the thrust fault or/and forming a lateral or oblique ramp. Thus, high-quality seismic data would help unambiguously define which mechanism should be responsible for the termination of a given fault-related fold. The Qiongxi and Qiongxinan structures in the Sichuan Basin, China are examples of natural fault-propagation folds that possess a northern termination and a structural saddle between them. The folds/fault geometry and along-strike displacement variations are constrained by the industry 3-D seismic volume. We interpret that the plunge of the fold near the northern termination and the structural saddle are due to the loss of displacement along strike. The fault geometry associated with the northern termination changes from a flat-ramp at the crest of the Qiongxinan structure, where displacement is the greatest, to simply a ramp near the northern tip of the Qiongxi structure, without forming a lateral or oblique ramp. In this study, we also use the drainage pattern, embryonic structure preserved in the crest of the Qiongxinan structure and the assumption that displacement along a fault is proportional to the duration of thrusting to propose a model for the lateral propagation of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures. Specifically, we suggest that the structure first initiated as an isolated fault ramp within brittle units. With increased shortening, the fault grows to link with lower detachments in weaker shale units to create a hybridized fault-propagation fold. Our model suggests a possible explanation for the lateral propagation history of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures, and also provides an alternative approach to confirming the activity of the previous Pingluoba structure in the southwestern Sichuan Basin in the late Cenozoic.展开更多
文摘Recent advances in endoscopic technology allow detailed observation of the gastric mucosa.Today,endoscopy is used in the diagnosis of gastritis to determine the presence/absence of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection and evaluate gastric cancer risk.In 2013,the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society advocated the Kyoto classification,a new grading system for endoscopic gastritis.The Kyoto classification organized endoscopic findings related to H.pylori infection.The Kyoto classification score is the sum of scores for five endoscopic findings(atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,nodularity,and diffuse redness with or without regular arrangement of collecting venules)and ranges from 0 to 8.Atrophy,intestinal metaplasia,enlarged folds,and nodularity contribute to gastric cancer risk.Diffuse redness and regular arrangement of collecting venules are related to H.pylori infection status.In subjects without a history of H.pylori eradication,the infection rates in those with Kyoto scores of 0,1,and≥2 were 1.5%,45%,and 82%,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 0 indicates no H.pylori infection.A Kyoto classification score of 2 or more indicates H.pylori infection.Kyoto classification scores of patients with and without gastric cancer were 4.8 and 3.8,respectively.A Kyoto classification score of 4 or more might indicate gastric cancer risk.
基金supported by grants from the 973 program of China(Grant No.2008CB425702)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40672132).
文摘Fold terminations are key features in the study of compressional fault-related folds. Such terminations could be due to loss of displacement on the thrust fault or/and forming a lateral or oblique ramp. Thus, high-quality seismic data would help unambiguously define which mechanism should be responsible for the termination of a given fault-related fold. The Qiongxi and Qiongxinan structures in the Sichuan Basin, China are examples of natural fault-propagation folds that possess a northern termination and a structural saddle between them. The folds/fault geometry and along-strike displacement variations are constrained by the industry 3-D seismic volume. We interpret that the plunge of the fold near the northern termination and the structural saddle are due to the loss of displacement along strike. The fault geometry associated with the northern termination changes from a flat-ramp at the crest of the Qiongxinan structure, where displacement is the greatest, to simply a ramp near the northern tip of the Qiongxi structure, without forming a lateral or oblique ramp. In this study, we also use the drainage pattern, embryonic structure preserved in the crest of the Qiongxinan structure and the assumption that displacement along a fault is proportional to the duration of thrusting to propose a model for the lateral propagation of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures. Specifically, we suggest that the structure first initiated as an isolated fault ramp within brittle units. With increased shortening, the fault grows to link with lower detachments in weaker shale units to create a hybridized fault-propagation fold. Our model suggests a possible explanation for the lateral propagation history of the Qiongxinan and Qiongxi structures, and also provides an alternative approach to confirming the activity of the previous Pingluoba structure in the southwestern Sichuan Basin in the late Cenozoic.
