During the floral transition the shoot apical meristem changes its identity from a vegetative to an inflorescence state. This change in identity can be promoted by external signals, such as inductive photoperiod condi...During the floral transition the shoot apical meristem changes its identity from a vegetative to an inflorescence state. This change in identity can be promoted by external signals, such as inductive photoperiod conditions or vernalization, and is accompanied by changes in expression of key developmental genes. The change in meristem identity is usually not reversible, even if the inductive signal occurs only transiently. This implies that at least some of the key genes must possess an intrinsic memory of the newly acquired expression state that ensures irreversibility of the process. In this review, we discuss different molecular scenarios that may underlie a molecular memory of gene expression.展开更多
FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in an...FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in angiosperms. We isolated an FT-homolog （GhFT1） from Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar, Xinluzao 33 GhFT1 was predominantly expressed in stamens and sepals, and had a relatively higher expression level during the initiation stage of fiber development. GhFT1 mRNA displayed diurnal oscillations in both long-day and short-day condition, suggesting that the expression of this gene may be under the control of the circadian clock. Subcel ular analysis revealed that GhFT1 protein located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic expression of GhFT1 in transgenic arabidopsis plants resulted in early flowering compared with wild-type plants. In addition, ectopic expression of GhFT1 in arabidopsis ft-10 mutants partial y rescued the extremely late flowering phenotype. Finally, several＆amp;nbsp;flowering related genes functioning downstream of AtFT were highly upregulated in the 35S：：GhFT1 transgenic arabidopsis plants. In summary, GhFT1 is an FT-homologous gene in cotton that regulates flower transition similar to its orthologs in other plant species and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early maturation in cotton breeding.展开更多
SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP)是重要开花抑制基因,主要在营养阶段表达。SVP基因参与花分生组织的形成,并调节开花途径中的整合因子FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)、SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1(SOC1)和FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)的...SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP)是重要开花抑制基因,主要在营养阶段表达。SVP基因参与花分生组织的形成,并调节开花途径中的整合因子FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)、SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1(SOC1)和FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)的表达,从而调控开花时间。SVP的表达受光照、温度等因素的影响。就国内外对SVP基因及同源基因的一些研究进展进行综述,并探讨其未来的研究方向。展开更多
Floral transition,which is referred to as a plant＇s transition from vegetative stage to reproductive stage,is considered to be a critical developmental switch in higher plants,for a timely flowering is a major factor...Floral transition,which is referred to as a plant＇s transition from vegetative stage to reproductive stage,is considered to be a critical developmental switch in higher plants,for a timely flowering is a major factor of reproductive success.Endogenous and environmental cues,such as photoperiod,light quality,plant hormones concentrations and temperature,provide information to the plants whether the environment is favorable for flowering.These cues promote,or prevent,flowering through a complex genetic network,mediated by a careful orchestration of temporal and spatial gene expression.One of such cues is photoperiod.Rice（Oryza sativa L.） serves as a powerful model species for the understanding of flowering in higher plants,including flower development and photoperiodic control of flowering.In this review,we overviewed and discussed the flower development and its model.We also overviewed the photoperiodic pathways in rice flowering control,and summarized the pathways at molecular level.展开更多
N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),which is added,removed,and interpreted by m^(6)A writers,erasers,and readers,respectively,is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic mRNAs.The m^(6)A marks play a pivotal role in the...N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),which is added,removed,and interpreted by m^(6)A writers,erasers,and readers,respectively,is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic mRNAs.The m^(6)A marks play a pivotal role in the regulation of floral transition in plants.FLOWERING LOCUS K(FLK),an RNA-binding protein harboring K-homology(KH)motifs,is known to regulate floral transition by repressing the levels of a key floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)in Arabidopsis.However,the molecular mechanism underlying FLK-mediated FLC regulation remains unclear.In this study,we identified FLK as a novel mRNA m^(6)A reader protein that directly binds the m^(6)A site in the 3ʹ-untranslated region of FLC transcripts to repressing FLC levels by reducing its stability and splicing.Importantly,FLK binding of FLC transcripts was abolished in vir-1,an m^(6)A writer mutant,and the late-flowering phenotype of the flk mutant could not be rescued by genetic complementation using the mutant FLKm gene,in which the m^(6)A reader encoding function was eliminated,indicating that FLK binds and regulates FLC expression in an m^(6)A-dependent manner.Collectively,our study has addressed a long-standing question of how FLK regulates FLC transcript levels and established a molecular link between the FLK-mediated recognition of m^(6)A modifications on FLC transcripts and floral transition in Arabidopsis.展开更多
高等植物开花转变过程中,FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)基因编码的蛋白产物是可以长距离转运的成花激素,是植物成花转变过程中的关键调控因子。目前研究发现,在一些植物中FT基因不仅可以促进植株成花,还表现出抑制植物开花的特性。同时,研究表...高等植物开花转变过程中,FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)基因编码的蛋白产物是可以长距离转运的成花激素,是植物成花转变过程中的关键调控因子。目前研究发现,在一些植物中FT基因不仅可以促进植株成花,还表现出抑制植物开花的特性。同时,研究表明FT基因参与到控制植株坐果、营养生长、气孔开放、促进结薯和侧枝生长等发育过程。本文主要回顾了FT基因近几年的研究进展,为进一步深入了解和研究FT-like亚家族基因的功能提供了理论依据。展开更多
RICE INDETERMINATE 1(RID1)plays a critical role in controlling floral transition in rice(Oryza sativa).However,the molecular basis for this effect,particularly the target genes and regulatory specificity,remains large...RICE INDETERMINATE 1(RID1)plays a critical role in controlling floral transition in rice(Oryza sativa).However,the molecular basis for this effect,particularly the target genes and regulatory specificity,remains largely unclear.Here,we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing(ChIP-seq)in young leaves at the pre-floral-transition stage to identify the target genes of RID1,identifying 2,680 genes associated with RID1 binding sites genome-wide.RID1 binding peaks were highly enriched for TTTGTC,the direct binding motif of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein family that includes RID1.Interestingly,CACGTG and GTGGGCCC,two previously uncharacterized indirect binding motifs,were enriched through the interactions of RID1 with the novel floweringpromoting proteins OsPIL12 and OsTCP11,respectively.Moreover,the ChIP-seq data demonstrated that RID1 bound to numerous rice heading-date genes,such as HEADING DATE1(HD1)and FLAVIN-BINDING,KELCH REPEAT,F-BOX 1(OsFKF1).Notably,transcriptome sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis revealed roles of RID1 in diverse developmental pathways.Genetic analysis combined with genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq results showed that RID1 directly binds to the promoter of OsERF#136(a repressor of rice flowering)and negatively regulates its expression.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying rice floral transition and characterize OsERF#136 as a previously unrecognized direct target of RID1.展开更多
PICKLE(PKL), a putative CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor, has been suggested to be involved in multiple processes in Arabidopsis. Here, we confirmed the late-flowering phenotype caused by pkl mutation with pkl mutants...PICKLE(PKL), a putative CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor, has been suggested to be involved in multiple processes in Arabidopsis. Here, we confirmed the late-flowering phenotype caused by pkl mutation with pkl mutants in two different ecotypes, and investigated the possible mechanisms that account for PKL regulation of flowering time. Quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-seq assays showed that expression of the LEAFY gene(LFY) and a number of LFY-regulated floral homeotic genes were down-regulated in seedlings of the pkl mutants. As predicted, overexpression of LFY restored normal flowering time of pkl mutants. Our results suggest that PKL may be involved in regulating flowering time via LFY expression. To uncover the underlying mechanism, Ch IP-PCR using anti-PKL was performed on materials from three developmental stages of seedlings. Our results showed that PKL associated with the genomic sequences of LFY, particularly at 10-day and 25-day after germination. We also showed that loss of PKL affected H3K27me3 level at the promoter of LFY. Taken together, our data suggest that transcriptional regulation of LFY at the chromatin level by PKL may at least partially account for the late-flowering phenotype of pkl mutants.展开更多
The transition to flowering marks the initiation of reproductive compete nee in plants. After the floral transit! on, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) ceases to produce leaf primordia and starts to gen erate floral pri...The transition to flowering marks the initiation of reproductive compete nee in plants. After the floral transit! on, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) ceases to produce leaf primordia and starts to gen erate floral primordia, the reproductive organs of plants. To maximize reproductive success, the timing of this transition needs to be precisely aligned with the most favorable environmental conditions (Blackman, 2017). Day length and cold temperature variations usually act as predictable seasonal signals to initiate flowering. However, due to the complexity of natural conditions, plants must gage a much wider array of information before committing to reproductive development. A striking example of this developmental plasticity is the drought escape (DE) response, where drought conditions experieneed during vegetative growth cause an accelerated flowering time compared with optimal watering conditio ns (Figure 1A). Among the strategies to cope with drought stress, DE may provide ephemeral plants like Arabidopsis with a simple "exit strategy" to anticipate seed set before drought conditions become incompatible with their survival.展开更多
The transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase is a major developmental process in flowering plants.The underlying mechanism controlling this cellular process remains a research focus in the field ...The transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase is a major developmental process in flowering plants.The underlying mechanism controlling this cellular process remains a research focus in the field of plant molecular biology.In the present work,we identified a gene encoding the C3H2C3-type RING finger protein Nt RCP1 from tobacco BY-2 cells.Enzymatic analysis demonstrated that Nt RCP1 is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase.In tobacco plants,expression level of Nt RCP1 was higher in the reproductive shoot apices than in the vegetative ones.Nt RCP1-overexpressing plants underwent a more rapid transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase and flowered markedly earlier than the wild-type control.Histological analysis revealed that the shoot apical meristem of Nt RCP1-overexpressing plants initiated inflorescence primordia precociously compared to the wild-type plant due to accelerated cell division.Overexpression of Nt RCP1 in BY-2 suspension cells promoted cell division,which was a consequence of the shortened G2 phase in the cell cycle.Together,our data suggest that Nt RCP1 may act as a regulator of the phase transition,possibly through its role in cell cycle regulation,during vegetative/reproductive development in tobacco plant.展开更多
Throughout a plant's life cyde,temperature plays a major role in development.Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression,facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering.These...Throughout a plant's life cyde,temperature plays a major role in development.Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression,facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering.These regulatory modules control morphological and molecular responses to temperature changes caused by seasonal changes or by temporary fluctuations,providing a versatile plasticity of plants.In this review,we outline how temperature changes affect the regu latory modules that induce and repress flowering,in addition to general temperature regulation.Recent studies have identified several regulatory modules by which floral transition and growth responses are controlled in a tem-perature-dependent manner.This review will report on recent studies related to floral transition and ambient temperature response.展开更多
文摘During the floral transition the shoot apical meristem changes its identity from a vegetative to an inflorescence state. This change in identity can be promoted by external signals, such as inductive photoperiod conditions or vernalization, and is accompanied by changes in expression of key developmental genes. The change in meristem identity is usually not reversible, even if the inductive signal occurs only transiently. This implies that at least some of the key genes must possess an intrinsic memory of the newly acquired expression state that ensures irreversibility of the process. In this review, we discuss different molecular scenarios that may underlie a molecular memory of gene expression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360366)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-1072)the Doctor Science Foundation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2012BB007)
文摘FLOWERING LOCUS T （FT） encodes a member of the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein （PEBP） family that functions as the mobile floral signal, playing an important role in regulating the floral transition in angiosperms. We isolated an FT-homolog （GhFT1） from Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar, Xinluzao 33 GhFT1 was predominantly expressed in stamens and sepals, and had a relatively higher expression level during the initiation stage of fiber development. GhFT1 mRNA displayed diurnal oscillations in both long-day and short-day condition, suggesting that the expression of this gene may be under the control of the circadian clock. Subcel ular analysis revealed that GhFT1 protein located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic expression of GhFT1 in transgenic arabidopsis plants resulted in early flowering compared with wild-type plants. In addition, ectopic expression of GhFT1 in arabidopsis ft-10 mutants partial y rescued the extremely late flowering phenotype. Finally, several＆amp;nbsp;flowering related genes functioning downstream of AtFT were highly upregulated in the 35S：：GhFT1 transgenic arabidopsis plants. In summary, GhFT1 is an FT-homologous gene in cotton that regulates flower transition similar to its orthologs in other plant species and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early maturation in cotton breeding.
文摘SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE(SVP)是重要开花抑制基因,主要在营养阶段表达。SVP基因参与花分生组织的形成,并调节开花途径中的整合因子FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)、SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1(SOC1)和FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)的表达,从而调控开花时间。SVP的表达受光照、温度等因素的影响。就国内外对SVP基因及同源基因的一些研究进展进行综述,并探讨其未来的研究方向。
基金funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program fromthe Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No. 2010AA101806)the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No. OPP51587)
文摘Floral transition,which is referred to as a plant＇s transition from vegetative stage to reproductive stage,is considered to be a critical developmental switch in higher plants,for a timely flowering is a major factor of reproductive success.Endogenous and environmental cues,such as photoperiod,light quality,plant hormones concentrations and temperature,provide information to the plants whether the environment is favorable for flowering.These cues promote,or prevent,flowering through a complex genetic network,mediated by a careful orchestration of temporal and spatial gene expression.One of such cues is photoperiod.Rice（Oryza sativa L.） serves as a powerful model species for the understanding of flowering in higher plants,including flower development and photoperiodic control of flowering.In this review,we overviewed and discussed the flower development and its model.We also overviewed the photoperiodic pathways in rice flowering control,and summarized the pathways at molecular level.
基金supported by grants from the Mid-Career Researcher Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea,funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(NRF-2021R1A2C1004187)Republic of Korea,and the New Breeding Technologies Development Program(PJ01652401)Rural Development Administration,Republic of Korea(to H.K.).
文摘N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),which is added,removed,and interpreted by m^(6)A writers,erasers,and readers,respectively,is the most abundant modification in eukaryotic mRNAs.The m^(6)A marks play a pivotal role in the regulation of floral transition in plants.FLOWERING LOCUS K(FLK),an RNA-binding protein harboring K-homology(KH)motifs,is known to regulate floral transition by repressing the levels of a key floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)in Arabidopsis.However,the molecular mechanism underlying FLK-mediated FLC regulation remains unclear.In this study,we identified FLK as a novel mRNA m^(6)A reader protein that directly binds the m^(6)A site in the 3ʹ-untranslated region of FLC transcripts to repressing FLC levels by reducing its stability and splicing.Importantly,FLK binding of FLC transcripts was abolished in vir-1,an m^(6)A writer mutant,and the late-flowering phenotype of the flk mutant could not be rescued by genetic complementation using the mutant FLKm gene,in which the m^(6)A reader encoding function was eliminated,indicating that FLK binds and regulates FLC expression in an m^(6)A-dependent manner.Collectively,our study has addressed a long-standing question of how FLK regulates FLC transcript levels and established a molecular link between the FLK-mediated recognition of m^(6)A modifications on FLC transcripts and floral transition in Arabidopsis.
文摘高等植物开花转变过程中,FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)基因编码的蛋白产物是可以长距离转运的成花激素,是植物成花转变过程中的关键调控因子。目前研究发现,在一些植物中FT基因不仅可以促进植株成花,还表现出抑制植物开花的特性。同时,研究表明FT基因参与到控制植株坐果、营养生长、气孔开放、促进结薯和侧枝生长等发育过程。本文主要回顾了FT基因近几年的研究进展,为进一步深入了解和研究FT-like亚家族基因的功能提供了理论依据。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070855,31821005)the Foundation of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd010)。
文摘RICE INDETERMINATE 1(RID1)plays a critical role in controlling floral transition in rice(Oryza sativa).However,the molecular basis for this effect,particularly the target genes and regulatory specificity,remains largely unclear.Here,we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing(ChIP-seq)in young leaves at the pre-floral-transition stage to identify the target genes of RID1,identifying 2,680 genes associated with RID1 binding sites genome-wide.RID1 binding peaks were highly enriched for TTTGTC,the direct binding motif of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein family that includes RID1.Interestingly,CACGTG and GTGGGCCC,two previously uncharacterized indirect binding motifs,were enriched through the interactions of RID1 with the novel floweringpromoting proteins OsPIL12 and OsTCP11,respectively.Moreover,the ChIP-seq data demonstrated that RID1 bound to numerous rice heading-date genes,such as HEADING DATE1(HD1)and FLAVIN-BINDING,KELCH REPEAT,F-BOX 1(OsFKF1).Notably,transcriptome sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis revealed roles of RID1 in diverse developmental pathways.Genetic analysis combined with genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq results showed that RID1 directly binds to the promoter of OsERF#136(a repressor of rice flowering)and negatively regulates its expression.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying rice floral transition and characterize OsERF#136 as a previously unrecognized direct target of RID1.
文摘PICKLE(PKL), a putative CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor, has been suggested to be involved in multiple processes in Arabidopsis. Here, we confirmed the late-flowering phenotype caused by pkl mutation with pkl mutants in two different ecotypes, and investigated the possible mechanisms that account for PKL regulation of flowering time. Quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-seq assays showed that expression of the LEAFY gene(LFY) and a number of LFY-regulated floral homeotic genes were down-regulated in seedlings of the pkl mutants. As predicted, overexpression of LFY restored normal flowering time of pkl mutants. Our results suggest that PKL may be involved in regulating flowering time via LFY expression. To uncover the underlying mechanism, Ch IP-PCR using anti-PKL was performed on materials from three developmental stages of seedlings. Our results showed that PKL associated with the genomic sequences of LFY, particularly at 10-day and 25-day after germination. We also showed that loss of PKL affected H3K27me3 level at the promoter of LFY. Taken together, our data suggest that transcriptional regulation of LFY at the chromatin level by PKL may at least partially account for the late-flowering phenotype of pkl mutants.
文摘The transition to flowering marks the initiation of reproductive compete nee in plants. After the floral transit! on, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) ceases to produce leaf primordia and starts to gen erate floral primordia, the reproductive organs of plants. To maximize reproductive success, the timing of this transition needs to be precisely aligned with the most favorable environmental conditions (Blackman, 2017). Day length and cold temperature variations usually act as predictable seasonal signals to initiate flowering. However, due to the complexity of natural conditions, plants must gage a much wider array of information before committing to reproductive development. A striking example of this developmental plasticity is the drought escape (DE) response, where drought conditions experieneed during vegetative growth cause an accelerated flowering time compared with optimal watering conditio ns (Figure 1A). Among the strategies to cope with drought stress, DE may provide ephemeral plants like Arabidopsis with a simple "exit strategy" to anticipate seed set before drought conditions become incompatible with their survival.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31100870 and30800556)
文摘The transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase is a major developmental process in flowering plants.The underlying mechanism controlling this cellular process remains a research focus in the field of plant molecular biology.In the present work,we identified a gene encoding the C3H2C3-type RING finger protein Nt RCP1 from tobacco BY-2 cells.Enzymatic analysis demonstrated that Nt RCP1 is a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase.In tobacco plants,expression level of Nt RCP1 was higher in the reproductive shoot apices than in the vegetative ones.Nt RCP1-overexpressing plants underwent a more rapid transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase and flowered markedly earlier than the wild-type control.Histological analysis revealed that the shoot apical meristem of Nt RCP1-overexpressing plants initiated inflorescence primordia precociously compared to the wild-type plant due to accelerated cell division.Overexpression of Nt RCP1 in BY-2 suspension cells promoted cell division,which was a consequence of the shortened G2 phase in the cell cycle.Together,our data suggest that Nt RCP1 may act as a regulator of the phase transition,possibly through its role in cell cycle regulation,during vegetative/reproductive development in tobacco plant.
基金The authors appreciate the support by NIH R01 GM100108,and NSF IOS 1656764.
文摘Throughout a plant's life cyde,temperature plays a major role in development.Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression,facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering.These regulatory modules control morphological and molecular responses to temperature changes caused by seasonal changes or by temporary fluctuations,providing a versatile plasticity of plants.In this review,we outline how temperature changes affect the regu latory modules that induce and repress flowering,in addition to general temperature regulation.Recent studies have identified several regulatory modules by which floral transition and growth responses are controlled in a tem-perature-dependent manner.This review will report on recent studies related to floral transition and ambient temperature response.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31060042,31160177)Yunnan Province and Minister Key Subject,University Key Lab and Share Platform
