Purpose:Diaspora researchers work in one country but have ancestral origins in another,either through moves during a research career(mobile diaspora researchers)or by starting research in the target country(embedded d...Purpose:Diaspora researchers work in one country but have ancestral origins in another,either through moves during a research career(mobile diaspora researchers)or by starting research in the target country(embedded diaspora researchers).Whilst mobile researchers might be tracked through affiliation changes in bibliometric databases,embedded researchers cannot.This article reports an evidence-based discussion of which countries’diaspora researchers can be partially tracked using first or last names,addressing this limitation.Design/methodology/approach:A frequency analysis of first and last names of authors of all Scopus journal articles 2001-2021 for 200 countries or regions.Findings:There are great variations in the extent to which first or last names are uniquely national,from Monserrat(no unique first names)to Thailand(81%unique last names).Nevertheless,most countries have a subset of first or last names that are relatively unique.For the 50 countries with the most researchers,authors with relatively national names are always more likely to research their name-associated country,suggesting a continued national association.Lists of researchers’first and last name frequencies and proportions are provided for 200 countries/regions.Research limitations:Only one period is tracked(2001-2021)and no attempt was made to validate the ancestral origins of any researcher.Practical implications:Simple name heuristics can be used to identify the international spread of a sample of most countries’diaspora researchers,but some manual checks of individual names are needed to weed out false matches.This can supplement mobile researcher data from bibliometric databases.Originality/value:This is the first attempt to list name associations for the authors of all countries and large regions,and to identify the countries for which diaspora researchers could be tracked by name.展开更多
This paper studies the statistical characteristics of Chinese surnames, first names and full names based on a credible sample. The distribution of Chinese surnames, unlike that in any other countries, shows an exponen...This paper studies the statistical characteristics of Chinese surnames, first names and full names based on a credible sample. The distribution of Chinese surnames, unlike that in any other countries, shows an exponential pattern in the top part and a power-law pattern in the tail part. The distributions of Chinese first names and full names have the characteristics of a power law with different exponents. Finally, the interrelation of the first name and the surname is demonstrated by using a computer simulation and an exhibition of the name network. Chinese people take the surname into account when they choose a first name for somebody.展开更多
A Meiling brand refrigerator stood forabout four hours in the fire.but afterthe fire was extinguished,the food in therefrigerator was still cold,and after the powersupply was restored,the refrigerator operatednormally...A Meiling brand refrigerator stood forabout four hours in the fire.but afterthe fire was extinguished,the food in therefrigerator was still cold,and after the powersupply was restored,the refrigerator operatednormally. One year,hundreds of Meilingrefrigerators were socked in a flood in AnhuiProvince for three to four months.Althoughthey were covered with sludge,after thepower supply was connected,everythingfunctioned well as usual. The Meiling Company vision so-called non-opening sales indicating a 100percent guarantee.When customers buy展开更多
从FDA网站上下载2014年逐月首仿药批准列表ANDA(Generic)Drug Approvals,P IV专利挑战案列表(Paragraph IV Patent Certifications)以及授权仿制药列表(FDA Listing of Authorized Generics),对相关数据进行分析,确定各层次品种及美国...从FDA网站上下载2014年逐月首仿药批准列表ANDA(Generic)Drug Approvals,P IV专利挑战案列表(Paragraph IV Patent Certifications)以及授权仿制药列表(FDA Listing of Authorized Generics),对相关数据进行分析,确定各层次品种及美国仿制药企业在2014年首仿药申请状态。国内研发品种选择借鉴的各层次品种有27个;建议国内一方面制定在专利到期前首仿药"暂时性批准"政策,另一方面在现有条件下,可与品牌药企业合作,进行授权仿制。展开更多
目的对陕西药材标准收载的部分法定药用植物中文名和学名提出订正意见。方法依据《中国植物志》《Flora of China》、iPlant植物智等权威数据库和最新分类学成果,厘清现行陕西药材标准中部分法定药用植物中文名和学名存在问题,并进行分...目的对陕西药材标准收载的部分法定药用植物中文名和学名提出订正意见。方法依据《中国植物志》《Flora of China》、iPlant植物智等权威数据库和最新分类学成果,厘清现行陕西药材标准中部分法定药用植物中文名和学名存在问题,并进行分析与归纳。结果陕西法定药用植物中文名和学名主要存在定名人不规范或不正确、使用异名、拼写错误和名称混用等问题,涉及药用植物共276种(下),药材229种。结论针对前述问题提出了规范中文名和学名的建议,提倡推行使用法定药用植物中文正名、第一中文别名、接受名和学名第一异名的概念,为陕西药材标准的修订提供参考,进一步促进相关学科领域的科学发展。展开更多
文摘Purpose:Diaspora researchers work in one country but have ancestral origins in another,either through moves during a research career(mobile diaspora researchers)or by starting research in the target country(embedded diaspora researchers).Whilst mobile researchers might be tracked through affiliation changes in bibliometric databases,embedded researchers cannot.This article reports an evidence-based discussion of which countries’diaspora researchers can be partially tracked using first or last names,addressing this limitation.Design/methodology/approach:A frequency analysis of first and last names of authors of all Scopus journal articles 2001-2021 for 200 countries or regions.Findings:There are great variations in the extent to which first or last names are uniquely national,from Monserrat(no unique first names)to Thailand(81%unique last names).Nevertheless,most countries have a subset of first or last names that are relatively unique.For the 50 countries with the most researchers,authors with relatively national names are always more likely to research their name-associated country,suggesting a continued national association.Lists of researchers’first and last name frequencies and proportions are provided for 200 countries/regions.Research limitations:Only one period is tracked(2001-2021)and no attempt was made to validate the ancestral origins of any researcher.Practical implications:Simple name heuristics can be used to identify the international spread of a sample of most countries’diaspora researchers,but some manual checks of individual names are needed to weed out false matches.This can supplement mobile researcher data from bibliometric databases.Originality/value:This is the first attempt to list name associations for the authors of all countries and large regions,and to identify the countries for which diaspora researchers could be tracked by name.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61174165)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘This paper studies the statistical characteristics of Chinese surnames, first names and full names based on a credible sample. The distribution of Chinese surnames, unlike that in any other countries, shows an exponential pattern in the top part and a power-law pattern in the tail part. The distributions of Chinese first names and full names have the characteristics of a power law with different exponents. Finally, the interrelation of the first name and the surname is demonstrated by using a computer simulation and an exhibition of the name network. Chinese people take the surname into account when they choose a first name for somebody.
文摘A Meiling brand refrigerator stood forabout four hours in the fire.but afterthe fire was extinguished,the food in therefrigerator was still cold,and after the powersupply was restored,the refrigerator operatednormally. One year,hundreds of Meilingrefrigerators were socked in a flood in AnhuiProvince for three to four months.Althoughthey were covered with sludge,after thepower supply was connected,everythingfunctioned well as usual. The Meiling Company vision so-called non-opening sales indicating a 100percent guarantee.When customers buy
文摘从FDA网站上下载2014年逐月首仿药批准列表ANDA(Generic)Drug Approvals,P IV专利挑战案列表(Paragraph IV Patent Certifications)以及授权仿制药列表(FDA Listing of Authorized Generics),对相关数据进行分析,确定各层次品种及美国仿制药企业在2014年首仿药申请状态。国内研发品种选择借鉴的各层次品种有27个;建议国内一方面制定在专利到期前首仿药"暂时性批准"政策,另一方面在现有条件下,可与品牌药企业合作,进行授权仿制。
文摘目的对陕西药材标准收载的部分法定药用植物中文名和学名提出订正意见。方法依据《中国植物志》《Flora of China》、iPlant植物智等权威数据库和最新分类学成果,厘清现行陕西药材标准中部分法定药用植物中文名和学名存在问题,并进行分析与归纳。结果陕西法定药用植物中文名和学名主要存在定名人不规范或不正确、使用异名、拼写错误和名称混用等问题,涉及药用植物共276种(下),药材229种。结论针对前述问题提出了规范中文名和学名的建议,提倡推行使用法定药用植物中文正名、第一中文别名、接受名和学名第一异名的概念,为陕西药材标准的修订提供参考,进一步促进相关学科领域的科学发展。
