Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-ex...Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method (FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks (DFNs) of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.展开更多
Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. Wh...Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground excavations.Following the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network(DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.展开更多
Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed ...Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed in crystalline rocks in two forms： natural and stress-induced; the amount of stressinducedmicrocracking increases with depth and in-situ stress. Laboratory results indicate that thephysical properties of rocks such as strength, deformability, P-wave velocity and permeability areinfluenced by increase in microcrack intensity. In this study, the finite-discrete element method （FDEM）is used to model microcrack heterogeneity by introducing into a model sample sets of microcracks usingthe proposed micro discrete fracture network （mDFN） approach. The characteristics of the microcracksrequired to create mDFN models are obtained through image analyses of thin sections of Lac du Bonnetgranite adopted from published literature. A suite of two-dimensional laboratory tests including uniaxial,triaxial compression and Brazilian tests is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory data.The FDEM-mDFN models indicate that micro-heterogeneity has a profound influence on both the mechanicalbehavior and resultant fracture pattern. An increase in the microcrack intensity leads to areduction in the strength of the sample and changes the character of the rock strength envelope. Spallingand axial splitting dominate the failure mode at low confinement while shear failure is the dominantfailure mode at high confinement. Numerical results from simulated compression tests show thatmicrocracking reduces the cohesive component of strength alone, and the frictional strength componentremains unaffected. Results from simulated Brazilian tests show that the tensile strength is influenced bythe presence of microcracks, with a reduction in tensile strength as microcrack intensity increases. Theimportance of microcrack heterogeneity in reproducing a bi-linear or S-shape failure envelope and itseffects on the mechani展开更多
Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit...Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit finite element method(FEM) and bonded particle model(BPM),in order to improve cutting efficiency.This study investigates the application of a general-purpose graphic-processing-unit parallelised hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) which enjoys the advantages of both explicit FEM and BPM,in modelling the rock chipping and fragmentation process in the rock scratch test of mechanical rock cutting.The input parameters of FDEM are determined through a calibration procedure of modelling conventional Brazilian tensile and uniaxial compressive tests of limestone,A series of scratch tests with various cutting velocities,cutter rake angles and cutting depths is then modelled using FDEM with calibrated input parameters.A few cycles of cutter/rock interactions,including their engagement and detachment process,are modelled for each case,which is conducted for the first time to the best knowledge of the authors,thanks to the general purpose graphic processing units(GPGPU) parallelisation.The failure mechanism,cutting force,chipping morphology and effect of various factors on them are discussed on the basis of the modelled results.Finally,it is concluded that GPGPU-parallelised FDEM provides a powerful tool to further study rock cutting and improve cutting efficiencies since it can explicitly capture different fracture mechanisms contributing to the rock chipping as well as chip formation and the separation process in mechanical cutting.Moreover,it is concluded that chipping is mostly owed to the mix-mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ fracture in all cases although mode Ⅱ cracks and mode Ⅰ cracks are the dominant failures in rock cutting with shallow and deep cutting depths,respectively.The chip morphology is found to be a function of cutter velocdty,cutting depth and cutter rake angle.展开更多
The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly ...The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly affected by the foliation angles.Direct shear tests were conducted on cubic slate samples with foliation angles of 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The effect of foliation angles on failure patterns,acoustic emission(AE)characteristics,and shear strength parameters was analyzed.Based on AE characteristics,the slate failure process could be divided into four stages:quiet period,step-like increasing period,dramatic increasing period,and remission period.A new empirical expression of cohesion for layered rock was proposed,which was compared with linear and sinusoidal cohesion expressions based on the results made by this paper and previous experiments.The comparative analysis demonstrated that the new expression has better prediction ability than other expressions.The proposed empirical equation was used for direct shear simulations with the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM),and it was found to align well with the experimental results.Considering both computational efficiency and accuracy,it was recommended to use a shear rate of 0.01 m/s for FDEM to carry out direct shear simulations.To balance the relationship between the number of elements and the simulation results in the direct shear simulations,the recommended element size is 1 mm.展开更多
This paper presents the development of a coupled modeling approach to simulate cryogenic thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes associated with a freezing medium,which is then implemented in the combined finite-discret...This paper presents the development of a coupled modeling approach to simulate cryogenic thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes associated with a freezing medium,which is then implemented in the combined finite-discrete element method code(FDEM)for multi-physics simulation.The governing equations are deduced based on energy and mass conservation,and static equilibrium equations,considering water/ice phase change,where the strong couplings between multi-fields are supplemented by critical coupling parameters(e.g.unfrozen water content,permeability,and thermal conductivity).The proposed model is validated against laboratory and field experiments.Results show that the cryogenic THM model can well predict the evolution of strongly coupled processes observed in frozen media(e.g.heat transfer,water migration,and frost heave deformation),while also capturing,as emergent properties of the model,important phenomena(e.g.latent heat,cryogenic suction,ice expansion and distinct three-zone distribution)caused by water/ice phase change at laboratory and field scales,which are difficult to be all revealed by existing THM models.The novel modeling framework presents a gateway to further understanding and predicting the multi-physical coupling behavior of frozen media in cold regions.展开更多
A new thermomechanical(TM)coupled finite-discrete element method(FDEM)model,incorporating heat conduction,thermal cracking,and contact heat transfer,has been proposed for both continuous and discontinuous geomaterials...A new thermomechanical(TM)coupled finite-discrete element method(FDEM)model,incorporating heat conduction,thermal cracking,and contact heat transfer,has been proposed for both continuous and discontinuous geomaterials.This model incorporates a heat conduction model that can accurately calculate the thermal field in continuousediscontinuous transition processes within a finite element framework.A modified contact heat transfer model is also included,which accounts for the entire contact area of discrete bodies.To align with the finite strain theory utilized in the FDEM mechanics module,the TM coupling module in the model is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.The proposed model has been applied to various scenarios,including heat conduction in both continuous and discontinuous media during transient states,thermal-induced strain and stress,and thermal cracking conditions.The thermal field calculation model and the TM coupling model have been validated by comparing the numerical results with experiment findings and analytical solutions.These numerical cases demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model convincingly,making it suitable for use across a wide range of continuous and discontinuous media.展开更多
底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模...底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模拟岩体材料弹塑性连续变形和断裂失效非连续变形以及破碎块体接触方面的优越性,采用FDEM数值模拟方法研究了隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形演化机制,并研究了地应力侧压系数、围岩体抗拉强度和底板位置对底鼓机制的影响。结果表明:(1)隧道底板底鼓力学机制为围岩的破裂碎胀性大变形,可简述为隧道开挖导致径向应力降低、切向应力升高,当升高的切向应力超过岩体强度时便产生共轭剪切破裂并伴随拉伸断裂,最大切向应力不断向深处完整围岩演化直至与岩体强度达到极限平衡状态,剪切裂隙也随之不断向深处扩展,深部块体推挤浅部块体向隧道空间移动并产生大量空隙,发生体积膨胀现象,造成底鼓灾害;(2)根据地应力侧压系数和围岩体抗拉强度的不同,可归纳出5类不同的底板破坏模式,但都可归结为由于最大切向集中应力造成的破裂碎胀性大变形。修正了原有底鼓力学机制未考虑应力释放、转移和集中等应力演化现象的不足,提出了一种新的基于渐进破裂碎胀性大变形的底鼓力学机制,为隧道底鼓机制的研究提供了一种新视角。展开更多
In the past decade, numerical modelling has been increasingly used for simulating the mechanical behaviour of naturally fractured rock masses. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms for spatial and temporal analys...In the past decade, numerical modelling has been increasingly used for simulating the mechanical behaviour of naturally fractured rock masses. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms for spatial and temporal analyses of newly generated fractures and blocks using an integrated discrete fracture network (DFN)-finite-discrete element method (FDEM) (DFN-FDEM) modelling approach. A fracture line calculator and analysis technique (i.e. discrete element method (DEM) fracture analysis, DEMFA) calculates the geometrical aspects of induced fractures using a dilation criterion. The resultant two-dimensional (2D) blocks are then identified and characterised using a graph structure. Block tracking trees allow track of newly generated blocks across timesteps and to analyse progressive breakage of these blocks into smaller blocks. Fracture statistics (number and total length of initial and induced fractures) are then related to the block forming processes to investigate damage evolution. The combination of various proposed methodologies together across various stages of modelling processes provides new insights to investigate the dependency of structure's resistance on the initial fracture configuration.展开更多
The goal of this review paper is to provide a summary of selected discrete element and hybrid finitediscrete element modeling techniques that have emerged in the field of rock mechanics as simulation tools for fractur...The goal of this review paper is to provide a summary of selected discrete element and hybrid finitediscrete element modeling techniques that have emerged in the field of rock mechanics as simulation tools for fracturing processes in rocks and rock masses. The fundamental principles of each computer code are illustrated with particular emphasis on the approach specifically adopted to simulate fracture nucleation and propagation and to account for the presence of rock mass discontinuities. This description is accompanied by a brief review of application studies focusing on laboratory-scale models of rock failure processes and on the simulation of damage development around underground excavations.展开更多
Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage deve...Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage development around underground excavations represents a key issue in several rock engineeringapplications, including tunnelling, mining, drilling, hydroelectric power generation, and the deepgeological disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a hybrid finitediscreteelement method （FDEM） code to simulate the fracturing mechanisms associated with theexcavation of underground openings in brittle rock formations. A brief review of the current state-of-theartmodelling approaches is initially provided, including the description of selecting continuum- anddiscontinuum-based techniques. Then, the influence of a number of factors, including mechanical and insitu stress anisotropy, as well as excavation geometry, on the simulated damage is analysed for threedifferent geomechanical scenarios. Firstly, the fracture nucleation and growth process under isotropicrock mass conditions is simulated for a circular shaft. Secondly, the influence of mechanical anisotropy onthe development of an excavation damaged zone （EDZ） around a tunnel excavated in a layered rockformation is considered. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between two large caverns of an undergroundhydroelectric power station are investigated, with particular emphasis on the rock mass responsesensitivity to the pillar width and excavation sequence. Overall, the numerical results indicate that FDEMsimulations can provide unique geomechanical insights in cases where an explicit consideration offracture and fragmentation processes is of paramount importance. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
Hydraulic fracturing （HF） technique has been extensively used for the exploitation of unconventional oiland gas reservoirs. HF enhances the connectivity of less permeable oil and gas-bearing rock formationsby fluid ...Hydraulic fracturing （HF） technique has been extensively used for the exploitation of unconventional oiland gas reservoirs. HF enhances the connectivity of less permeable oil and gas-bearing rock formationsby fluid injection, which creates an interconnected fracture network and increases the hydrocarbonproduction. Meanwhile, microseismic （MS） monitoring is one of the most effective approaches to evaluatesuch stimulation process. In this paper, the combined finite-discrete element method （FDEM） isadopted to numerically simulate HF and associated MS. Several post-processing tools, includingfrequency-magnitude distribution （b-value）, fractal dimension （D-value）, and seismic events clustering,are utilized to interpret numerical results. A non-parametric clustering algorithm designed specificallyfor FDEM is used to reduce the mesh dependency and extract more realistic seismic information.Simulation results indicated that at the local scale, the HF process tends to propagate following the rockmass discontinuities; while at the reservoir scale, it tends to develop in the direction parallel to themaximum in-situ stress. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
在层状岩体中掘进隧洞后,围岩破裂碎胀大变形机制与各向同性围岩存在很大差异。对于无支护隧洞而言,其破裂模式可归结为复合破裂、V型凹槽破裂和层间剥落,不同破裂模式受控于岩体自身物理力学特性、地应力和隧洞断面形状等因素。采用有...在层状岩体中掘进隧洞后,围岩破裂碎胀大变形机制与各向同性围岩存在很大差异。对于无支护隧洞而言,其破裂模式可归结为复合破裂、V型凹槽破裂和层间剥落,不同破裂模式受控于岩体自身物理力学特性、地应力和隧洞断面形状等因素。采用有限元-离散元法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)耦合数值模拟研究了水平层状围岩破裂碎胀大变形机制,并研究了岩体强度参数(如黏聚力、内摩擦系数和抗拉强度)、变形参数(如弹性模量)、地应力和隧洞跨度对水平层状围岩破裂模式的影响。研究结果表明,复合破裂为层状岩体基本破裂模式,其机制为水平集中应力产生的共轭剪切裂隙F3在隧洞中心线附近不断向围岩深处扩展,同时产生平行于层理面的剪切滑移裂隙F1,由此产生中央破碎、两端相对完整的板块岩块;左右两侧板状岩块相互挤压向隧洞内翻转运动产生垂直层理面的拉伸裂隙F2。随着岩体强度的升高、侧压系数的增大或隧洞跨度的减小,F1裂隙消失、F2裂隙与层理面斜交,从而产生V型凹槽破裂。当岩体强度进一步升高或侧压系数进一步增大时,F3裂隙在层理面交界处受阻,进而产生了层间剥落破裂。展开更多
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canadathe Ministry of National Defensethe RMC Green Team for providing the funding and the resources
文摘Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method (FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks (DFNs) of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.
文摘Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground excavations.Following the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network(DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.
文摘Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed in crystalline rocks in two forms： natural and stress-induced; the amount of stressinducedmicrocracking increases with depth and in-situ stress. Laboratory results indicate that thephysical properties of rocks such as strength, deformability, P-wave velocity and permeability areinfluenced by increase in microcrack intensity. In this study, the finite-discrete element method （FDEM）is used to model microcrack heterogeneity by introducing into a model sample sets of microcracks usingthe proposed micro discrete fracture network （mDFN） approach. The characteristics of the microcracksrequired to create mDFN models are obtained through image analyses of thin sections of Lac du Bonnetgranite adopted from published literature. A suite of two-dimensional laboratory tests including uniaxial,triaxial compression and Brazilian tests is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory data.The FDEM-mDFN models indicate that micro-heterogeneity has a profound influence on both the mechanicalbehavior and resultant fracture pattern. An increase in the microcrack intensity leads to areduction in the strength of the sample and changes the character of the rock strength envelope. Spallingand axial splitting dominate the failure mode at low confinement while shear failure is the dominantfailure mode at high confinement. Numerical results from simulated compression tests show thatmicrocracking reduces the cohesive component of strength alone, and the frictional strength componentremains unaffected. Results from simulated Brazilian tests show that the tensile strength is influenced bythe presence of microcracks, with a reduction in tensile strength as microcrack intensity increases. Theimportance of microcrack heterogeneity in reproducing a bi-linear or S-shape failure envelope and itseffects on the mechani
基金the support of CSIRO and the Australia-Japan Foundation(Grant No.17/20470)supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(Grant No.JP18K14165)for Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists。
文摘Mechanical cutting provides one of the most flexible and environmentally friendly excavation methods.It has attracted numerous efforts to model the rock chipping and fragmentation process,especially using the explicit finite element method(FEM) and bonded particle model(BPM),in order to improve cutting efficiency.This study investigates the application of a general-purpose graphic-processing-unit parallelised hybrid finite-discrete element method(FDEM) which enjoys the advantages of both explicit FEM and BPM,in modelling the rock chipping and fragmentation process in the rock scratch test of mechanical rock cutting.The input parameters of FDEM are determined through a calibration procedure of modelling conventional Brazilian tensile and uniaxial compressive tests of limestone,A series of scratch tests with various cutting velocities,cutter rake angles and cutting depths is then modelled using FDEM with calibrated input parameters.A few cycles of cutter/rock interactions,including their engagement and detachment process,are modelled for each case,which is conducted for the first time to the best knowledge of the authors,thanks to the general purpose graphic processing units(GPGPU) parallelisation.The failure mechanism,cutting force,chipping morphology and effect of various factors on them are discussed on the basis of the modelled results.Finally,it is concluded that GPGPU-parallelised FDEM provides a powerful tool to further study rock cutting and improve cutting efficiencies since it can explicitly capture different fracture mechanisms contributing to the rock chipping as well as chip formation and the separation process in mechanical cutting.Moreover,it is concluded that chipping is mostly owed to the mix-mode Ⅰ-Ⅱ fracture in all cases although mode Ⅱ cracks and mode Ⅰ cracks are the dominant failures in rock cutting with shallow and deep cutting depths,respectively.The chip morphology is found to be a function of cutter velocdty,cutting depth and cutter rake angle.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41941018,U21A20153,42177140).
文摘The shear mechanical behavior is regarded as an essential factor affecting the stability of the surrounding rocks in underground engineering.The shear strength and failure mechanisms of layered rock are significantly affected by the foliation angles.Direct shear tests were conducted on cubic slate samples with foliation angles of 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The effect of foliation angles on failure patterns,acoustic emission(AE)characteristics,and shear strength parameters was analyzed.Based on AE characteristics,the slate failure process could be divided into four stages:quiet period,step-like increasing period,dramatic increasing period,and remission period.A new empirical expression of cohesion for layered rock was proposed,which was compared with linear and sinusoidal cohesion expressions based on the results made by this paper and previous experiments.The comparative analysis demonstrated that the new expression has better prediction ability than other expressions.The proposed empirical equation was used for direct shear simulations with the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM),and it was found to align well with the experimental results.Considering both computational efficiency and accuracy,it was recommended to use a shear rate of 0.01 m/s for FDEM to carry out direct shear simulations.To balance the relationship between the number of elements and the simulation results in the direct shear simulations,the recommended element size is 1 mm.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)Discovery Grants 341275,NSERC CRDPJ 543894-19,and NSERC/Energi Simulation Industrial Research Chair programfunding he received from Lassonde International Graduate Scholarship in Mining at the University of Toronto+1 种基金supported by the FCE Start-up Fund for New Recruits at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (P0034042)the Early Career Scheme and the General Research Fund Scheme of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR,China (Project Nos.PolyU 25220021 and PolyU 15227222).
文摘This paper presents the development of a coupled modeling approach to simulate cryogenic thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes associated with a freezing medium,which is then implemented in the combined finite-discrete element method code(FDEM)for multi-physics simulation.The governing equations are deduced based on energy and mass conservation,and static equilibrium equations,considering water/ice phase change,where the strong couplings between multi-fields are supplemented by critical coupling parameters(e.g.unfrozen water content,permeability,and thermal conductivity).The proposed model is validated against laboratory and field experiments.Results show that the cryogenic THM model can well predict the evolution of strongly coupled processes observed in frozen media(e.g.heat transfer,water migration,and frost heave deformation),while also capturing,as emergent properties of the model,important phenomena(e.g.latent heat,cryogenic suction,ice expansion and distinct three-zone distribution)caused by water/ice phase change at laboratory and field scales,which are difficult to be all revealed by existing THM models.The novel modeling framework presents a gateway to further understanding and predicting the multi-physical coupling behavior of frozen media in cold regions.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (General Research Fund Project Nos.17200721 and 17202423)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42377149).
文摘A new thermomechanical(TM)coupled finite-discrete element method(FDEM)model,incorporating heat conduction,thermal cracking,and contact heat transfer,has been proposed for both continuous and discontinuous geomaterials.This model incorporates a heat conduction model that can accurately calculate the thermal field in continuousediscontinuous transition processes within a finite element framework.A modified contact heat transfer model is also included,which accounts for the entire contact area of discrete bodies.To align with the finite strain theory utilized in the FDEM mechanics module,the TM coupling module in the model is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.The proposed model has been applied to various scenarios,including heat conduction in both continuous and discontinuous media during transient states,thermal-induced strain and stress,and thermal cracking conditions.The thermal field calculation model and the TM coupling model have been validated by comparing the numerical results with experiment findings and analytical solutions.These numerical cases demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model convincingly,making it suitable for use across a wide range of continuous and discontinuous media.
文摘底鼓是深埋高应力软岩隧道常遇灾害,现有底鼓力学机制忽略了隧道开挖导致的围岩应力释放、应力转移和应力集中现象,仅对初始地应力状态进行了分析。因此,鉴于有限元-离散元耦合数值方法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)在模拟岩体材料弹塑性连续变形和断裂失效非连续变形以及破碎块体接触方面的优越性,采用FDEM数值模拟方法研究了隧道底板渐进破裂碎胀大变形演化机制,并研究了地应力侧压系数、围岩体抗拉强度和底板位置对底鼓机制的影响。结果表明:(1)隧道底板底鼓力学机制为围岩的破裂碎胀性大变形,可简述为隧道开挖导致径向应力降低、切向应力升高,当升高的切向应力超过岩体强度时便产生共轭剪切破裂并伴随拉伸断裂,最大切向应力不断向深处完整围岩演化直至与岩体强度达到极限平衡状态,剪切裂隙也随之不断向深处扩展,深部块体推挤浅部块体向隧道空间移动并产生大量空隙,发生体积膨胀现象,造成底鼓灾害;(2)根据地应力侧压系数和围岩体抗拉强度的不同,可归纳出5类不同的底板破坏模式,但都可归结为由于最大切向集中应力造成的破裂碎胀性大变形。修正了原有底鼓力学机制未考虑应力释放、转移和集中等应力演化现象的不足,提出了一种新的基于渐进破裂碎胀性大变形的底鼓力学机制,为隧道底鼓机制的研究提供了一种新视角。
文摘In the past decade, numerical modelling has been increasingly used for simulating the mechanical behaviour of naturally fractured rock masses. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms for spatial and temporal analyses of newly generated fractures and blocks using an integrated discrete fracture network (DFN)-finite-discrete element method (FDEM) (DFN-FDEM) modelling approach. A fracture line calculator and analysis technique (i.e. discrete element method (DEM) fracture analysis, DEMFA) calculates the geometrical aspects of induced fractures using a dilation criterion. The resultant two-dimensional (2D) blocks are then identified and characterised using a graph structure. Block tracking trees allow track of newly generated blocks across timesteps and to analyse progressive breakage of these blocks into smaller blocks. Fracture statistics (number and total length of initial and induced fractures) are then related to the block forming processes to investigate damage evolution. The combination of various proposed methodologies together across various stages of modelling processes provides new insights to investigate the dependency of structure's resistance on the initial fracture configuration.
文摘The goal of this review paper is to provide a summary of selected discrete element and hybrid finitediscrete element modeling techniques that have emerged in the field of rock mechanics as simulation tools for fracturing processes in rocks and rock masses. The fundamental principles of each computer code are illustrated with particular emphasis on the approach specifically adopted to simulate fracture nucleation and propagation and to account for the presence of rock mass discontinuities. This description is accompanied by a brief review of application studies focusing on laboratory-scale models of rock failure processes and on the simulation of damage development around underground excavations.
基金supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada in the form of discovery grant No. 341275the Swiss National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA)
文摘Over the past twenty years, there has been a growing interest in the development of numerical modelsthat can realistically capture the progressive failure of rock masses. In particular, the investigation ofdamage development around underground excavations represents a key issue in several rock engineeringapplications, including tunnelling, mining, drilling, hydroelectric power generation, and the deepgeological disposal of nuclear waste. The goal of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a hybrid finitediscreteelement method （FDEM） code to simulate the fracturing mechanisms associated with theexcavation of underground openings in brittle rock formations. A brief review of the current state-of-theartmodelling approaches is initially provided, including the description of selecting continuum- anddiscontinuum-based techniques. Then, the influence of a number of factors, including mechanical and insitu stress anisotropy, as well as excavation geometry, on the simulated damage is analysed for threedifferent geomechanical scenarios. Firstly, the fracture nucleation and growth process under isotropicrock mass conditions is simulated for a circular shaft. Secondly, the influence of mechanical anisotropy onthe development of an excavation damaged zone （EDZ） around a tunnel excavated in a layered rockformation is considered. Finally, the interaction mechanisms between two large caverns of an undergroundhydroelectric power station are investigated, with particular emphasis on the rock mass responsesensitivity to the pillar width and excavation sequence. Overall, the numerical results indicate that FDEMsimulations can provide unique geomechanical insights in cases where an explicit consideration offracture and fragmentation processes is of paramount importance. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through Discovery Grant 341275 (G. Grasselli) and Engage EGP 461019-13
文摘Hydraulic fracturing （HF） technique has been extensively used for the exploitation of unconventional oiland gas reservoirs. HF enhances the connectivity of less permeable oil and gas-bearing rock formationsby fluid injection, which creates an interconnected fracture network and increases the hydrocarbonproduction. Meanwhile, microseismic （MS） monitoring is one of the most effective approaches to evaluatesuch stimulation process. In this paper, the combined finite-discrete element method （FDEM） isadopted to numerically simulate HF and associated MS. Several post-processing tools, includingfrequency-magnitude distribution （b-value）, fractal dimension （D-value）, and seismic events clustering,are utilized to interpret numerical results. A non-parametric clustering algorithm designed specificallyfor FDEM is used to reduce the mesh dependency and extract more realistic seismic information.Simulation results indicated that at the local scale, the HF process tends to propagate following the rockmass discontinuities; while at the reservoir scale, it tends to develop in the direction parallel to themaximum in-situ stress. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘在层状岩体中掘进隧洞后,围岩破裂碎胀大变形机制与各向同性围岩存在很大差异。对于无支护隧洞而言,其破裂模式可归结为复合破裂、V型凹槽破裂和层间剥落,不同破裂模式受控于岩体自身物理力学特性、地应力和隧洞断面形状等因素。采用有限元-离散元法(finite-discrete element method,简称FDEM)耦合数值模拟研究了水平层状围岩破裂碎胀大变形机制,并研究了岩体强度参数(如黏聚力、内摩擦系数和抗拉强度)、变形参数(如弹性模量)、地应力和隧洞跨度对水平层状围岩破裂模式的影响。研究结果表明,复合破裂为层状岩体基本破裂模式,其机制为水平集中应力产生的共轭剪切裂隙F3在隧洞中心线附近不断向围岩深处扩展,同时产生平行于层理面的剪切滑移裂隙F1,由此产生中央破碎、两端相对完整的板块岩块;左右两侧板状岩块相互挤压向隧洞内翻转运动产生垂直层理面的拉伸裂隙F2。随着岩体强度的升高、侧压系数的增大或隧洞跨度的减小,F1裂隙消失、F2裂隙与层理面斜交,从而产生V型凹槽破裂。当岩体强度进一步升高或侧压系数进一步增大时,F3裂隙在层理面交界处受阻,进而产生了层间剥落破裂。
