介绍了模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modularmultilevel converter based high voltage direct current system,MMC-HVDC)的起停控制策略。启动分为不控启动阶段和可控启动阶段,对不控启动阶段模块化多电平换流器(modularmultileve...介绍了模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modularmultilevel converter based high voltage direct current system,MMC-HVDC)的起停控制策略。启动分为不控启动阶段和可控启动阶段,对不控启动阶段模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevel converter,MMC)的等效电路进行数学建模,得出了限流电阻与最大充电电流之间的数学关系,为限流电阻的选取提供了理论基础。停机分为能量反馈阶段和放电阶段,能量反馈阶段将MMC各子模块电容存储的能量部分反馈回电网,充分利用了MMC子模块储能的优势,提高了能量的利用率。放电阶段,通过一定的触发方式,逐步将能量耗散掉,该方法有效地降低了放电电阻的功率、阻值和耐压水平。最后,对建立的两端有源网络的MMC-HVDC系统进行了数字仿真,仿真结果验证了该启停控制策略的有效性。展开更多
The phenomenon of discharge atomization occurs as hydraulic structures discharging,which influences the safety of power station,electrical equipment and produces environmental pollution.A series of physical model test...The phenomenon of discharge atomization occurs as hydraulic structures discharging,which influences the safety of power station,electrical equipment and produces environmental pollution.A series of physical model tests and feedback analysis are adapted to preliminarily study the scale effect of discharge atomization model by use of the field observation data of discharge atomization.The effect of Re and We numbers of flow on the atomization intensity is analyzed.A conversion relationship of atomization intensity between prototype and model results and the similarity criteria of the atomization range are developed. The conclusion is that the surface tension of discharge atomization model could be ignored when the Weber number is larger than 500.Some case studies are given by use of the similitude criteria of the atomization model.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of mortality in America and has increased in the incidence of cases over the last several years.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)increases survival outcomes in cases of ca...BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of mortality in America and has increased in the incidence of cases over the last several years.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)increases survival outcomes in cases of cardiac arrest;however,healthcare workers often do not perform CPR within recommended guidelines.Real-time audiovisual feedback(RTAVF)devices improve the quality of CPR performed.This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effect of RTAVF-assisted CPR with conventional CPR and to evaluate whether the use of these devices improved outcomes in both in-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)patients.AIM To identify the effect of RTAVF-assisted CPR on patient outcomes and CPR quality with in-and OHCA.METHODS We searched PubMed,SCOPUS,the Cochrane Library,and EMBASE from inception to July 27,2020,for studies comparing patient outcomes and/or CPR quality metrics between RTAVF-assisted CPR and conventional CPR in cases of IHCA or OHCA.The primary outcomes of interest were return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)and survival to hospital discharge(SHD),with secondary outcomes of chest compression rate and chest compression depth.The methodo-logical quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Cochrane Collaboration’s“risk of bias”tool.Data was analyzed using R statistical software 4.2.0.results were statistically significant if P<0.05.RESULTS Thirteen studies(n=17600)were included.Patients were on average 69±17.5 years old,with 7022(39.8%)female patients.Overall pooled ROSC in patients in this study was 37%(95%confidence interval=23%-54%).RTAVF-assisted CPR significantly improved ROSC,both overall[risk ratio(RR)1.17(1.001-1.362);P=0.048]and in cases of IHCA[RR 1.36(1.06-1.80);P=0.002].There was no significant improvement in ROSC for OHCA(RR 1.04;0.91-1.19;P=0.47).No significant effect was seen in SHD[RR 1.04(0.91-1.19);P=0.47]or chest compression rate[standardized mean difference(SMD)-2.1;(-4.6-0.5);P=0.09].A significant i展开更多
干涉型光纤超声传感是一种高灵敏度的局部放电检测方法,但其现场应用时可能受到环境中低频振动噪声的干扰,降低检测灵敏度。为此,提出了相位跟踪反馈方法,确定了反馈系统参数;然后建立了真型126k V GIS局部放电超声传感研究平台,该平台...干涉型光纤超声传感是一种高灵敏度的局部放电检测方法,但其现场应用时可能受到环境中低频振动噪声的干扰,降低检测灵敏度。为此,提出了相位跟踪反馈方法,确定了反馈系统参数;然后建立了真型126k V GIS局部放电超声传感研究平台,该平台可模拟现场GIS电动力及开关动作所产生的振动噪声;最后,开展了GIS局部放电检测试验。研究结果表明:相位跟踪反馈可以补偿干涉传感系统中的相位变化,保证了传感系统灵敏度的稳定性;相位跟踪反馈方法可有效抑制由1.8 kHz以下低频噪声引发的相位衰落问题;采用相位跟踪反馈方法后,干涉型光纤超声局部放电传感系统测量灵敏度优于传统压电陶瓷传感系统,满足现场应用需求。展开更多
设计了一种频率可调,低温漂、结构简单的张弛振荡器。该振荡器利用基准电压和负反馈的钳位作用,通过改变外部电阻的阻值来线性改变振荡周期。利用电容两端电压不能突变的原理,使得每次充放电电容电压跳变后都远离反相器的阈值,这样便忽...设计了一种频率可调,低温漂、结构简单的张弛振荡器。该振荡器利用基准电压和负反馈的钳位作用,通过改变外部电阻的阻值来线性改变振荡周期。利用电容两端电压不能突变的原理,使得每次充放电电容电压跳变后都远离反相器的阈值,这样便忽略阈值对振荡器的影响,并且省去了常规结构中的迟滞比较器,简化了电路结构,减小了振荡器的复位延时。基于0.18μm BCD(Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS)工艺模型,采用Cadence和Hspice进行仿真。在典型应用下,振荡器的频率范围为500 k Hz^2 MHz,温度在–20^+120℃变化时,振荡器的频率随温度变化的偏移量在±2.76%以内。展开更多
Atmospheric pressure abnormal glow discharge （APAGD） was carried out simply with a transformer of 1 ： 500 driven by a alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Typical stable discharge parameters, namely volta...Atmospheric pressure abnormal glow discharge （APAGD） was carried out simply with a transformer of 1 ： 500 driven by a alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Typical stable discharge parameters, namely voltage of 400 V to 850 V and current of 60 mA to 110 mA were measured by oscillograph. Simulation of the discharge process suggested that the stable discharge was supported by the impedance from the secondary coil of the transformer, which offered a negative feedback to prevent the discharge from turning into an arc. An interpretation was given for the oscillogram of the sinuous discharge current and square voltage. Furthermore, the electron temperature and electron density averaged in the discharge channel of APAGD were estimated.展开更多
Long pulse discharge is one of the important goals of HT-7 superconducting tokamak experiments. For ITER （International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor） or a tokamak reactor, carrying out a steady operation is on...Long pulse discharge is one of the important goals of HT-7 superconducting tokamak experiments. For ITER （International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor） or a tokamak reactor, carrying out a steady operation is one of the main techniques. For long pulse discharges on HT-7 the poloidal flux is used as the feedback signal to control the injected power of LHCD （Low Hybrid Current Drive） system. Experimental results are presented.展开更多
In mammals, gonadal function is controlled by the activity of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which control the secretion of adenohypophyseal and gonadal hormones. However, there are a number of u...In mammals, gonadal function is controlled by the activity of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which control the secretion of adenohypophyseal and gonadal hormones. However, there are a number of unanswered questions in relation to gonadal function. It is currently unknown how erotogenic stimulation of the genitals influences the subpopulation of hypothalamic medial preoptic area neurons, antidromically identified as projecting to the median eminence at different periods of the estrous cycle. Additionally, the distinctiveness of hypothalamic medial preoptic area neurons, with respect to methods of feedback control by exogenous hormones, is also unknown. In this study, spontaneous discharges from individual neurons encountered within the medial preoptic area, gono-like neurons, were recorded extracellularly using glass microelectrodes. To confirm the cellular and histochemical properties of the recording units, antidromic stimulation was performed using a side-by-side bipolar stimulating electrode placed into the median eminence, alongside microiontophoretic injections of the conventional tracer, horseradish peroxidase. In addition, further immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Results showed that elevated gono-neuron activity was accompanied by increased background activity and greater responses to erotogenic stimuli during estrus. Application of clitoral traction stimulation resulted in increased activation of the gono-like neurons. This neuronal activity was noticeably inhibited by β-estradiol administration. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-reactive protein in hypothalamic cells in which electrophysiological recordings were taken. Thus, medial preoptic area neurons represent the subset of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons described from brain slices in vitro, and might serve as a useful physiological model to form the basis of future in vivo studies.展开更多
文摘介绍了模块化多电平换流器型直流输电系统(modularmultilevel converter based high voltage direct current system,MMC-HVDC)的起停控制策略。启动分为不控启动阶段和可控启动阶段,对不控启动阶段模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevel converter,MMC)的等效电路进行数学建模,得出了限流电阻与最大充电电流之间的数学关系,为限流电阻的选取提供了理论基础。停机分为能量反馈阶段和放电阶段,能量反馈阶段将MMC各子模块电容存储的能量部分反馈回电网,充分利用了MMC子模块储能的优势,提高了能量的利用率。放电阶段,通过一定的触发方式,逐步将能量耗散掉,该方法有效地降低了放电电阻的功率、阻值和耐压水平。最后,对建立的两端有源网络的MMC-HVDC系统进行了数字仿真,仿真结果验证了该启停控制策略的有效性。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Hydropower Development of Yalong River Foundation (Grant No.50579084)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(Grant No.2008BAB29B04-3-3)
文摘The phenomenon of discharge atomization occurs as hydraulic structures discharging,which influences the safety of power station,electrical equipment and produces environmental pollution.A series of physical model tests and feedback analysis are adapted to preliminarily study the scale effect of discharge atomization model by use of the field observation data of discharge atomization.The effect of Re and We numbers of flow on the atomization intensity is analyzed.A conversion relationship of atomization intensity between prototype and model results and the similarity criteria of the atomization range are developed. The conclusion is that the surface tension of discharge atomization model could be ignored when the Weber number is larger than 500.Some case studies are given by use of the similitude criteria of the atomization model.
文摘BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest is a leading cause of mortality in America and has increased in the incidence of cases over the last several years.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)increases survival outcomes in cases of cardiac arrest;however,healthcare workers often do not perform CPR within recommended guidelines.Real-time audiovisual feedback(RTAVF)devices improve the quality of CPR performed.This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effect of RTAVF-assisted CPR with conventional CPR and to evaluate whether the use of these devices improved outcomes in both in-hospital cardiac arrest(IHCA)and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest(OHCA)patients.AIM To identify the effect of RTAVF-assisted CPR on patient outcomes and CPR quality with in-and OHCA.METHODS We searched PubMed,SCOPUS,the Cochrane Library,and EMBASE from inception to July 27,2020,for studies comparing patient outcomes and/or CPR quality metrics between RTAVF-assisted CPR and conventional CPR in cases of IHCA or OHCA.The primary outcomes of interest were return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)and survival to hospital discharge(SHD),with secondary outcomes of chest compression rate and chest compression depth.The methodo-logical quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Cochrane Collaboration’s“risk of bias”tool.Data was analyzed using R statistical software 4.2.0.results were statistically significant if P<0.05.RESULTS Thirteen studies(n=17600)were included.Patients were on average 69±17.5 years old,with 7022(39.8%)female patients.Overall pooled ROSC in patients in this study was 37%(95%confidence interval=23%-54%).RTAVF-assisted CPR significantly improved ROSC,both overall[risk ratio(RR)1.17(1.001-1.362);P=0.048]and in cases of IHCA[RR 1.36(1.06-1.80);P=0.002].There was no significant improvement in ROSC for OHCA(RR 1.04;0.91-1.19;P=0.47).No significant effect was seen in SHD[RR 1.04(0.91-1.19);P=0.47]or chest compression rate[standardized mean difference(SMD)-2.1;(-4.6-0.5);P=0.09].A significant i
文摘干涉型光纤超声传感是一种高灵敏度的局部放电检测方法,但其现场应用时可能受到环境中低频振动噪声的干扰,降低检测灵敏度。为此,提出了相位跟踪反馈方法,确定了反馈系统参数;然后建立了真型126k V GIS局部放电超声传感研究平台,该平台可模拟现场GIS电动力及开关动作所产生的振动噪声;最后,开展了GIS局部放电检测试验。研究结果表明:相位跟踪反馈可以补偿干涉传感系统中的相位变化,保证了传感系统灵敏度的稳定性;相位跟踪反馈方法可有效抑制由1.8 kHz以下低频噪声引发的相位衰落问题;采用相位跟踪反馈方法后,干涉型光纤超声局部放电传感系统测量灵敏度优于传统压电陶瓷传感系统,满足现场应用需求。
文摘设计了一种频率可调,低温漂、结构简单的张弛振荡器。该振荡器利用基准电压和负反馈的钳位作用,通过改变外部电阻的阻值来线性改变振荡周期。利用电容两端电压不能突变的原理,使得每次充放电电容电压跳变后都远离反相器的阈值,这样便忽略阈值对振荡器的影响,并且省去了常规结构中的迟滞比较器,简化了电路结构,减小了振荡器的复位延时。基于0.18μm BCD(Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS)工艺模型,采用Cadence和Hspice进行仿真。在典型应用下,振荡器的频率范围为500 k Hz^2 MHz,温度在–20^+120℃变化时,振荡器的频率随温度变化的偏移量在±2.76%以内。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10475060)
文摘Atmospheric pressure abnormal glow discharge （APAGD） was carried out simply with a transformer of 1 ： 500 driven by a alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz. Typical stable discharge parameters, namely voltage of 400 V to 850 V and current of 60 mA to 110 mA were measured by oscillograph. Simulation of the discharge process suggested that the stable discharge was supported by the impedance from the secondary coil of the transformer, which offered a negative feedback to prevent the discharge from turning into an arc. An interpretation was given for the oscillogram of the sinuous discharge current and square voltage. Furthermore, the electron temperature and electron density averaged in the discharge channel of APAGD were estimated.
文摘Long pulse discharge is one of the important goals of HT-7 superconducting tokamak experiments. For ITER （International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor） or a tokamak reactor, carrying out a steady operation is one of the main techniques. For long pulse discharges on HT-7 the poloidal flux is used as the feedback signal to control the injected power of LHCD （Low Hybrid Current Drive） system. Experimental results are presented.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) No.2011CB505200,2012CB518503grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.30371804
文摘In mammals, gonadal function is controlled by the activity of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which control the secretion of adenohypophyseal and gonadal hormones. However, there are a number of unanswered questions in relation to gonadal function. It is currently unknown how erotogenic stimulation of the genitals influences the subpopulation of hypothalamic medial preoptic area neurons, antidromically identified as projecting to the median eminence at different periods of the estrous cycle. Additionally, the distinctiveness of hypothalamic medial preoptic area neurons, with respect to methods of feedback control by exogenous hormones, is also unknown. In this study, spontaneous discharges from individual neurons encountered within the medial preoptic area, gono-like neurons, were recorded extracellularly using glass microelectrodes. To confirm the cellular and histochemical properties of the recording units, antidromic stimulation was performed using a side-by-side bipolar stimulating electrode placed into the median eminence, alongside microiontophoretic injections of the conventional tracer, horseradish peroxidase. In addition, further immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Results showed that elevated gono-neuron activity was accompanied by increased background activity and greater responses to erotogenic stimuli during estrus. Application of clitoral traction stimulation resulted in increased activation of the gono-like neurons. This neuronal activity was noticeably inhibited by β-estradiol administration. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-reactive protein in hypothalamic cells in which electrophysiological recordings were taken. Thus, medial preoptic area neurons represent the subset of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons described from brain slices in vitro, and might serve as a useful physiological model to form the basis of future in vivo studies.
