New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the...New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi展开更多
This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on...This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c<sup>2</sup>. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.展开更多
The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observa...The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observations show that the Universe is expanding exponentially. Free electron Compton scattering (FEC) can produce the illusion of exponentially expanding Universe: FEC causes photons to redshift exponentially, and the photon beam exponentially expands along the propagation direction. Is this a coincidence? The redshift factor of the FEC is z = (1+z);the beam length stretch factor (time dilation of the supernova curve) of the FEC is z = (1+z);the expansion factor of the beam volume of the FEC is z = (1+z)<sup>3</sup>, and the FEC effect does not blur the image of distant galaxies. The reason for rejecting the “tired light” does not hold in FEC.展开更多
Assuming a flat universe expanding under a constant pressure and combining the first and the second Friedmann equations, a new equation, describing the evolution of the scale factor, is derived. The equation is a gene...Assuming a flat universe expanding under a constant pressure and combining the first and the second Friedmann equations, a new equation, describing the evolution of the scale factor, is derived. The equation is a general kinematic equation. It includes all the ingredients composing the universe. An exact closed form solution for this equation is presented. The solution shows remarkable agreement with available observational data for redshifts from a low of z = 0.0152 to as high as z = 8.68. As such, this solution provides an alternative way of describing the expansion of space without involving the controversial dark energy.展开更多
Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable ...Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable fit to the observed data. Here we consider the redshift to be a hybrid of two effects: recession of distant galaxies due to expansion of the universe, and resistance to light propagation due to cosmic drag. The weight factor determining the contribution of the two effects is the only parameter that is needed to fit the observed data. The cosmic drag considered phenomenologically yields mass of the universe ≈?2 × 1053 kg. This implicitly suggests that the mass of the whole universe is causing the cosmic drag. The databases of extragalactic objects containing redshift z and distance modulus μof galaxies up to z = 8.26 resulted in an excellent fit to the model. Also, the weight factor wD for expansion effect contribution to μobtained from the data sets containing progressively higher values of μ?can be nicely fitted with .展开更多
A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern sc...A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern science that defy the known laws of physics. It has been conjectured that there is a new form of matter that interacts gravitationally while otherwise remaining undetectable. In this paper we resolve the mystery. The expressions do not modify the known laws of physics, contain no free variables or fitting and are entirely classical in nature. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass and time—it is shown that measure is bounded. Accounting for this bound and the expansion of space reveal that the conjecture is unnecessary thus resolving the dark matter mystery.展开更多
Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark...Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark energy. This article, using Newton’s laws and Einstein’s theory of gravitation, shows that it is possible to define a new term, called E0, variable in time and space, of which one of its limits is the Hubble constant H0. I show that E0?is strongly linked to an explanation of the flat rotation curve of galaxies. This strong correlation between Hubble’s constant H0?and E0 enables us to solve the mystery of the surplus of gravity that is stabilizing the universe.展开更多
Both theory and experiments indicate that the vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). This debouches into consider...Both theory and experiments indicate that the vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). This debouches into considerable changes of fundamental physics, as shown by a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) applied to elementary particles, and by a revised ZPE frequency spectrum applied to the expanding universe. The Standard Model based on a vacuum state of empty space is thus replaced by RQED, thereby resulting in massive elementary particles from the beginning, independently of the theory by Higgs. Also the basic properties of the Higgs-like particle detected at CERN can be reproduced by RQED. It further leads to new fundamental results beyond the theories by Dirac and Higgs, such as to a deduced value of the elementary net charge, magnetic confinement of charged particle configurations, intrinsic local particle charges, photon spin with a very small but nonzero photon rest mass, and needle-like particle-wave properties which contribute to the understanding of the photoelectric effect and two-slit experiments. The real macroscopic pressure due to the revised ZPE frequency distribution further influences the dynamics of the expanding universe, by the ZPE photon pressure gradient acting as dark energy, and the ZPE photon energy density acting as dark matter. This results in a model being consistent with the observed scale, the rate of expansion, and the stability of a flat expanding observable universe.展开更多
A spring term is added into Newton’s law of gravitation. The spring k of the earth is found to be 1.21 × 10-8/sec2. The PPN gamma is a dependence of distance r from the sun. The expanding universe is due to the ...A spring term is added into Newton’s law of gravitation. The spring k of the earth is found to be 1.21 × 10-8/sec2. The PPN gamma is a dependence of distance r from the sun. The expanding universe is due to the cosmological constant. The Hubble constant is found to be the square root of the cosmological constant. The query of the missing dark matter in the galaxies is clarified.展开更多
A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativi...A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativity. Attention is given to the new properties of its field equations and their applications. These equations include results not being available from conventional theory and the Standard Model. This concerns the internal structure of elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron, muon and tauon, the Z boson, and the so called Higgs particle detected in the experiments at the laboratory of CERN. A possible unification of electrodynamics and the strong nuclear force is further provided by the theory. Finally, there are aspects on the expanding universe represented by a new interpretation of dark matter and dark energy in terms of the ZPE.展开更多
This work investigates the nature of the empty space and of the energy accelerating expansion of the universe, within the context of the Higgs theory. It is consensus among the cosmologists that dark energy, accelerat...This work investigates the nature of the empty space and of the energy accelerating expansion of the universe, within the context of the Higgs theory. It is consensus among the cosmologists that dark energy, accelerating the expansion of the universe, is energy of the empty space (vacuum) itself. According to the Higgs theory, empty space (vacuum) is filled up by a real quantum fluid medium, closely analogous to the superconducting condensate, giving mass to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism. This spatial medium is the holder of the vacuum energy. Current theories describe the empty space (vacuum) in terms of the stress-energy tensor of a perfect fluid and estimate the vacuum energy density in terms of zero-point energies of the various force fields. They come to the scandalous conclusion that the vacuum energy density is 120 decimal orders of magnitude larger than shown by the observations. In the context of the Higgs theory, empty space, far from a perfect fluid, is a very strongly correlated boson condensate, a perfect quantum fluid ruled by the principles of quantum physics and governed by a powerful order parameter. This order parameter is stabilized by a huge energy gap that, according to the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak model, achieves more than 200 GeV. This huge energy gap very strongly suppresses the quantum fluctuations and the zero-point energies. This lets clear that estimating the vacuum energy density in terms of the zero-point energies cannot be correct. The expanding universe does not create more and more vacuum energy and does not expand against a negative pressure. The universe is an adiabatic system that conserves the total mass-energy and expansion only reduces the vacuum energy density. Calculations within this context show that the vacuum energy density converges closely to the observed value.展开更多
In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lob...In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lobachevskian non-expanding Universe. Several new scientific formulas of practical significance for astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology are presented. A new method of calculating (from experimental data) the curvature of a Lobachevskian Universe is given, resulting in an estimated curvature-K on the order of 10−52 m−2. Our model also estimates the radius of the non-expanding Lobachevskian Universe in a Poincare ball model as approximately 14.9 bly. A rigorous theoretical explanation in terms of the fixed Lobachevskian geometry of a non-expanding Universe is provided for experimental data acquired in the Supernova Project, showing an excellent agreement between experimental data and our theoretical formulas. We present new geometric equations relating brightness dimming and redshift, and employ them to fully explain the erroneous reasoning and erroneous conclusions of Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess and the 2011 Nobel Prize Committee regarding “accelerated expansion” of the Universe. We demonstrate that experimental data acquired in deep space astrophysics when interpreted in terms of Euclidean geometry will result in illusions of space expansion: an illusion of “linear space expansion”—Hubble, and an illusion of “accelerated (non-linear) space expansion”—Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess.展开更多
General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is the flat space-time form...General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is the flat space-time form different from that of proper-time. GR has as source the matter tensor and the Einstein tensor describes the gravitational field whereas the source of GFST is the total energy-momentum including gravitation and the field is described by a non-linear differential operator of order two in divergence form. The results of the two theories agree for weak gravitational fields to the order of measurable accuracy. It is well-known that homogeneous, isotropic, cosmological models of GR start from a point singularity of the universe, the so called big bang. The density of matter is infinite. Therefore, our observable universe implies an expansion of space, in particular an inflationary expansion in the beginning. This is the presently most accepted model of the universe although doubts exist because infinities don’t exist in physics. GFST starts in the beginning from a homogeneous, isotropic universe with uniformly distributed energy and no matter. In the course of time, matter is created out of energy where the total energy is conserved. There is no singularity. The space is flat and the space may be non-expanding.展开更多
In the present paper, based on Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) static geometry, we present (as an alternative to the existing Big Bang model of CMB) a geometric model of CMB in a Lobachevskian static universe as a homogene...In the present paper, based on Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) static geometry, we present (as an alternative to the existing Big Bang model of CMB) a geometric model of CMB in a Lobachevskian static universe as a homogeneous space of horospheres. It is shown that from the point of view of physics, a horosphere is an electromagnetic wavefront in Lobachevskian space. The presented model of CMB is an Lorentz invariant object, possesses observable properties of isotropy and homogeneity for all observers scattered across the Lobachevskian universe, and has a black body spectrum. The Lorentz invariance of CMB implies a mathematical equation for cosmological redshift for all z. The global picture of CMB, described solely in terms of the Lorentz group—SL(2C), is an infinite union of double sided quotient spaces (double fibration of the Lorentz group) taken over all parabolic stabilizers P⊂SL(2C). The local picture of CMB (as seen by us from Earth) is a Grassmannian space of an infinite union all horospheres containing origin o∈L3, equivalent to a projective plane RP2. The space of electromagnetic wavefronts has a natural identification with the boundary at infinity (an absolute) of Lobachevskian universe. In this way, it is possible to regard the CMB as a reference at infinity (an absolute reference) and consequently to define an absolute motion and absolute rest with respect to CMB, viewed as an infinitely remote reference.展开更多
On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 20...On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.展开更多
General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is a flat space-time form d...General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is a flat space-time form different from that of proper-time. The source of GR is the matter tensor and the Einstein tensor describes the gravitational field. The source of GFST is the total energymomentum including gravitation. The field is described by a non-linear differential operator of order two in divergence form. The results of the two theories agree for weak gravitational fields to the order of measurable accuracy. It is well-known that homogeneous, isotropic, cosmological models of GR start from a point singularity of the universe, the so called big bang. The density of matter is infinite. Therefore, our observable big universe implies an expansion of space, in particular an inflationary expansion in the beginning. Doubts are stated because infinities don’t exist in physics. An explanation to the present, controversial discussion of expanding accelerating or non-accelerating universe as well as non-expanding universe is given. GFST starts in the beginning from a homogeneous, isotropic universe with uniformly distributed energy and no matter. In the course of time matter is created out of energy where the total energy is conserved. There is no singularity, i.e. no big bang. The space is flat and non-expanding.展开更多
General relativity predicts a singularity in the beginning of the universe being called big bang. Recent developments in loop quantum cosmology avoid the singularity and the big bang is replaced by a big bounce. A cla...General relativity predicts a singularity in the beginning of the universe being called big bang. Recent developments in loop quantum cosmology avoid the singularity and the big bang is replaced by a big bounce. A classical theory of gravitation in flat space-time also avoids the singularity under natural conditions on the density parameters. The universe contracts to a positive minimum and then it expands during all times. It is not symmetric with regard to its minimum implying a finite age measured with proper time of the universe. The space of the universe is flat and the total energy is conserved. Under the assumption that the sum of the density parameters is a little bit bigger than one the universe is very hot in early times. Later on, the cosmological model agrees with the one of general relativity. A new interpretation of a non-expanding universe may be given by virtue of flat space-time theory of gravitation.展开更多
文摘New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi
文摘This paper presents a short exploration of the phenomena of mass and heat increase, shedding light on the remarkable notion of an expanding universe. Aimed at physicists and mathematicians, this investigation draws on an innovative collaboration with ChatGPT, an AI language model trained using scientific knowledge, to enrich our understanding of these fundamental concepts. By delving into the Gravitational Constant, we unveil compelling evidence for an increase in mass and heat for all celestial objects within an isotropic and homogenous universe as a result of the Lorentz Transformation of mass energy (LTME). Traditionally, LTME has been considered relevant primarily for subatomic particles at high velocities. However, this study posits that LTME is equally applicable to celestial bodies, even at relatively low velocities. The journey commences with an examination of the Gamma Factor in the LTME, illuminating its significance in comprehending the expansion of the cosmos. Ultimately, this paper offers a comprehensive validation of “Expanding Matter” with responses from ChatGPT, illuminating the ever-growing nature of our universe. As physicists, embarking on this journey will lead to new perspectives on the profound mysteries that shape cosmic reality. This pursuit contemplates the possibility of an infinitely energetic universe, where energy metamorphoses into mass through M = E/c<sup>2</sup>. This interpretation proposes the existence of a Process of Continuously Created Matter, manifesting as an ongoing accretion, augmentation, and expansion, harmonizing with the universe’s ever-expansive nature. The study further incorporates state-of-the-art observational technologies to substantiate its claims, thereby opening new avenues for future research in both theoretical physics and cosmology.
文摘The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observations show that the Universe is expanding exponentially. Free electron Compton scattering (FEC) can produce the illusion of exponentially expanding Universe: FEC causes photons to redshift exponentially, and the photon beam exponentially expands along the propagation direction. Is this a coincidence? The redshift factor of the FEC is z = (1+z);the beam length stretch factor (time dilation of the supernova curve) of the FEC is z = (1+z);the expansion factor of the beam volume of the FEC is z = (1+z)<sup>3</sup>, and the FEC effect does not blur the image of distant galaxies. The reason for rejecting the “tired light” does not hold in FEC.
文摘Assuming a flat universe expanding under a constant pressure and combining the first and the second Friedmann equations, a new equation, describing the evolution of the scale factor, is derived. The equation is a general kinematic equation. It includes all the ingredients composing the universe. An exact closed form solution for this equation is presented. The solution shows remarkable agreement with available observational data for redshifts from a low of z = 0.0152 to as high as z = 8.68. As such, this solution provides an alternative way of describing the expansion of space without involving the controversial dark energy.
文摘Cosmological redshift is commonly attributed to the continuous expansion of the universe starting from the Big-Bang. However, expansion models require simplifying assumptions and multiple parameters to get acceptable fit to the observed data. Here we consider the redshift to be a hybrid of two effects: recession of distant galaxies due to expansion of the universe, and resistance to light propagation due to cosmic drag. The weight factor determining the contribution of the two effects is the only parameter that is needed to fit the observed data. The cosmic drag considered phenomenologically yields mass of the universe ≈?2 × 1053 kg. This implicitly suggests that the mass of the whole universe is causing the cosmic drag. The databases of extragalactic objects containing redshift z and distance modulus μof galaxies up to z = 8.26 resulted in an excellent fit to the model. Also, the weight factor wD for expansion effect contribution to μobtained from the data sets containing progressively higher values of μ?can be nicely fitted with .
文摘A physical description of the orbital mechanics of stars around a galactic core has proved difficult. Notably, there is insufficient mass to account for observed star velocities. The mystery is one of few in modern science that defy the known laws of physics. It has been conjectured that there is a new form of matter that interacts gravitationally while otherwise remaining undetectable. In this paper we resolve the mystery. The expressions do not modify the known laws of physics, contain no free variables or fitting and are entirely classical in nature. Using the notion of counts of the fundamental measures—length, mass and time—it is shown that measure is bounded. Accounting for this bound and the expansion of space reveal that the conjecture is unnecessary thus resolving the dark matter mystery.
文摘Although dark energy and dark matter have not yet been detected, they are believed to comprise the majority of the universe. Observations of the flat rotation curve of galaxies may be explained by dark matter and dark energy. This article, using Newton’s laws and Einstein’s theory of gravitation, shows that it is possible to define a new term, called E0, variable in time and space, of which one of its limits is the Hubble constant H0. I show that E0?is strongly linked to an explanation of the flat rotation curve of galaxies. This strong correlation between Hubble’s constant H0?and E0 enables us to solve the mystery of the surplus of gravity that is stabilizing the universe.
文摘Both theory and experiments indicate that the vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). This debouches into considerable changes of fundamental physics, as shown by a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) applied to elementary particles, and by a revised ZPE frequency spectrum applied to the expanding universe. The Standard Model based on a vacuum state of empty space is thus replaced by RQED, thereby resulting in massive elementary particles from the beginning, independently of the theory by Higgs. Also the basic properties of the Higgs-like particle detected at CERN can be reproduced by RQED. It further leads to new fundamental results beyond the theories by Dirac and Higgs, such as to a deduced value of the elementary net charge, magnetic confinement of charged particle configurations, intrinsic local particle charges, photon spin with a very small but nonzero photon rest mass, and needle-like particle-wave properties which contribute to the understanding of the photoelectric effect and two-slit experiments. The real macroscopic pressure due to the revised ZPE frequency distribution further influences the dynamics of the expanding universe, by the ZPE photon pressure gradient acting as dark energy, and the ZPE photon energy density acting as dark matter. This results in a model being consistent with the observed scale, the rate of expansion, and the stability of a flat expanding observable universe.
文摘A spring term is added into Newton’s law of gravitation. The spring k of the earth is found to be 1.21 × 10-8/sec2. The PPN gamma is a dependence of distance r from the sun. The expanding universe is due to the cosmological constant. The Hubble constant is found to be the square root of the cosmological constant. The query of the missing dark matter in the galaxies is clarified.
文摘A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativity. Attention is given to the new properties of its field equations and their applications. These equations include results not being available from conventional theory and the Standard Model. This concerns the internal structure of elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron, muon and tauon, the Z boson, and the so called Higgs particle detected in the experiments at the laboratory of CERN. A possible unification of electrodynamics and the strong nuclear force is further provided by the theory. Finally, there are aspects on the expanding universe represented by a new interpretation of dark matter and dark energy in terms of the ZPE.
文摘This work investigates the nature of the empty space and of the energy accelerating expansion of the universe, within the context of the Higgs theory. It is consensus among the cosmologists that dark energy, accelerating the expansion of the universe, is energy of the empty space (vacuum) itself. According to the Higgs theory, empty space (vacuum) is filled up by a real quantum fluid medium, closely analogous to the superconducting condensate, giving mass to the elementary particles by the Higgs mechanism. This spatial medium is the holder of the vacuum energy. Current theories describe the empty space (vacuum) in terms of the stress-energy tensor of a perfect fluid and estimate the vacuum energy density in terms of zero-point energies of the various force fields. They come to the scandalous conclusion that the vacuum energy density is 120 decimal orders of magnitude larger than shown by the observations. In the context of the Higgs theory, empty space, far from a perfect fluid, is a very strongly correlated boson condensate, a perfect quantum fluid ruled by the principles of quantum physics and governed by a powerful order parameter. This order parameter is stabilized by a huge energy gap that, according to the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam electroweak model, achieves more than 200 GeV. This huge energy gap very strongly suppresses the quantum fluctuations and the zero-point energies. This lets clear that estimating the vacuum energy density in terms of the zero-point energies cannot be correct. The expanding universe does not create more and more vacuum energy and does not expand against a negative pressure. The universe is an adiabatic system that conserves the total mass-energy and expansion only reduces the vacuum energy density. Calculations within this context show that the vacuum energy density converges closely to the observed value.
文摘In this work, we present our theory and principles of the mathematical foundations of Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) astrophysics and cosmology which follow from a mathematical interpretation of experimental data in a Lobachevskian non-expanding Universe. Several new scientific formulas of practical significance for astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology are presented. A new method of calculating (from experimental data) the curvature of a Lobachevskian Universe is given, resulting in an estimated curvature-K on the order of 10−52 m−2. Our model also estimates the radius of the non-expanding Lobachevskian Universe in a Poincare ball model as approximately 14.9 bly. A rigorous theoretical explanation in terms of the fixed Lobachevskian geometry of a non-expanding Universe is provided for experimental data acquired in the Supernova Project, showing an excellent agreement between experimental data and our theoretical formulas. We present new geometric equations relating brightness dimming and redshift, and employ them to fully explain the erroneous reasoning and erroneous conclusions of Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess and the 2011 Nobel Prize Committee regarding “accelerated expansion” of the Universe. We demonstrate that experimental data acquired in deep space astrophysics when interpreted in terms of Euclidean geometry will result in illusions of space expansion: an illusion of “linear space expansion”—Hubble, and an illusion of “accelerated (non-linear) space expansion”—Perlmutter, Schmidt, Riess.
文摘General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is the flat space-time form different from that of proper-time. GR has as source the matter tensor and the Einstein tensor describes the gravitational field whereas the source of GFST is the total energy-momentum including gravitation and the field is described by a non-linear differential operator of order two in divergence form. The results of the two theories agree for weak gravitational fields to the order of measurable accuracy. It is well-known that homogeneous, isotropic, cosmological models of GR start from a point singularity of the universe, the so called big bang. The density of matter is infinite. Therefore, our observable universe implies an expansion of space, in particular an inflationary expansion in the beginning. This is the presently most accepted model of the universe although doubts exist because infinities don’t exist in physics. GFST starts in the beginning from a homogeneous, isotropic universe with uniformly distributed energy and no matter. In the course of time, matter is created out of energy where the total energy is conserved. There is no singularity. The space is flat and the space may be non-expanding.
文摘In the present paper, based on Lobachevskian (hyperbolic) static geometry, we present (as an alternative to the existing Big Bang model of CMB) a geometric model of CMB in a Lobachevskian static universe as a homogeneous space of horospheres. It is shown that from the point of view of physics, a horosphere is an electromagnetic wavefront in Lobachevskian space. The presented model of CMB is an Lorentz invariant object, possesses observable properties of isotropy and homogeneity for all observers scattered across the Lobachevskian universe, and has a black body spectrum. The Lorentz invariance of CMB implies a mathematical equation for cosmological redshift for all z. The global picture of CMB, described solely in terms of the Lorentz group—SL(2C), is an infinite union of double sided quotient spaces (double fibration of the Lorentz group) taken over all parabolic stabilizers P⊂SL(2C). The local picture of CMB (as seen by us from Earth) is a Grassmannian space of an infinite union all horospheres containing origin o∈L3, equivalent to a projective plane RP2. The space of electromagnetic wavefronts has a natural identification with the boundary at infinity (an absolute) of Lobachevskian universe. In this way, it is possible to regard the CMB as a reference at infinity (an absolute reference) and consequently to define an absolute motion and absolute rest with respect to CMB, viewed as an infinitely remote reference.
文摘On September 14, 2015 09:50:45 UTC, the two laser interferometers of the LIGO program simultaneously observed a first gravitational wave signal called GW150914. With the commissioning of the VIRGO interferometer in 2017, two other detections, GW170814 and GW170817, were observed and their positions given accurately by LIGO and VIRGO. In this article, I argue that the photons circulating in the cavities of the three interferometers of LIGO and VIRGO were sensitive to the field of attraction of the planets of our Solar System and more particularly to that of the Sun, and would not be due to a coalescence of black hole or neutron stars. The shape of the signals obtained by my interaction model (called GEAR) between the photons in the interferometer cavity and the gravitational field of the Sun is very similar to that of a compact binary coalescence, identical to those obtained by general relativity. Solving the equations of GEAR also gives the exact positions and pseudo-date of the coalescences of all the LIGO and VIRGO detections detected so far, and probably those that will come at the end of 2018 and beyond.
文摘General relativity (GR) and gravitation in flat space-time (GFST) are covariant theories to describe gravitation. The metric of GR is given by the form of proper-time and the metric of GFST is a flat space-time form different from that of proper-time. The source of GR is the matter tensor and the Einstein tensor describes the gravitational field. The source of GFST is the total energymomentum including gravitation. The field is described by a non-linear differential operator of order two in divergence form. The results of the two theories agree for weak gravitational fields to the order of measurable accuracy. It is well-known that homogeneous, isotropic, cosmological models of GR start from a point singularity of the universe, the so called big bang. The density of matter is infinite. Therefore, our observable big universe implies an expansion of space, in particular an inflationary expansion in the beginning. Doubts are stated because infinities don’t exist in physics. An explanation to the present, controversial discussion of expanding accelerating or non-accelerating universe as well as non-expanding universe is given. GFST starts in the beginning from a homogeneous, isotropic universe with uniformly distributed energy and no matter. In the course of time matter is created out of energy where the total energy is conserved. There is no singularity, i.e. no big bang. The space is flat and non-expanding.
文摘General relativity predicts a singularity in the beginning of the universe being called big bang. Recent developments in loop quantum cosmology avoid the singularity and the big bang is replaced by a big bounce. A classical theory of gravitation in flat space-time also avoids the singularity under natural conditions on the density parameters. The universe contracts to a positive minimum and then it expands during all times. It is not symmetric with regard to its minimum implying a finite age measured with proper time of the universe. The space of the universe is flat and the total energy is conserved. Under the assumption that the sum of the density parameters is a little bit bigger than one the universe is very hot in early times. Later on, the cosmological model agrees with the one of general relativity. A new interpretation of a non-expanding universe may be given by virtue of flat space-time theory of gravitation.
