Delimitations of species are crucial for correct and precise identification of taxa.Unfortunately "spe-cies" is more a subjective than an objective concept in taxonomic practice due to difficulties in reveal...Delimitations of species are crucial for correct and precise identification of taxa.Unfortunately "spe-cies" is more a subjective than an objective concept in taxonomic practice due to difficulties in revealing patterns of infra-or inter-specific variations.Molecular phylogenetic studies at the population level solve this problem and lay a sound foundation for DNA barcoding.In this paper we exemplify the necessity of adopting a phylogenetic concept of species in DNA barcoding for tree peonies(Paeonia sect.Moutan).We used 40 samples representing all known populations of rare and endangered species and several populations of widely distributed tree peonies.All currently recognized species and major variants have been included in this study.Four chloroplast gene fragments,i.e.ndhF,rps16-trnQ,trnL-F and trnS-G(a total of 5040 characters,96 variable and 69 parsimony-informative characters) and one variable and single-copy nuclear GPAT gene fragment(2093?2197 bp,279 variable and 148 parsi-mony-informative characters) were used to construct phylogenetic relationships among the taxa.The evolutionary lineages revealed by the nuclear gene and the chloroplast genes are inconsistent with the current circumscriptions of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,and P.rockii based on morphology.The inconsistencies come from(1) significant chloroplast gene divergence but little nuclear GPAT gene divergence among population systems of P.decomposita + P.rockii,and(2) well-diverged nuclear GPAT gene but little chloroplast gene divergence between P.jishanensis and P.qiui.The incongruence of the phylogenies based on the chloroplast genes and the nuclear GPAT gene is probably due to the chloro-plast capture event in evolutionary history,as no reproductive barriers exist to prevent inter-specific hybridization.We also evaluated the suitability of these genes for use as DNA barcodes for tree peonies.The variability of chloroplast genes among well-defined species or population systems of a species complex is 4.82 times the figure within the gr展开更多
Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultur...Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradua展开更多
基金Supported by Knowledge Innovative Program of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSCX2-YW-Z-0807)National Working Platform for Basic Science and Technology (Grant No. 2005DKA21401)
文摘Delimitations of species are crucial for correct and precise identification of taxa.Unfortunately "spe-cies" is more a subjective than an objective concept in taxonomic practice due to difficulties in revealing patterns of infra-or inter-specific variations.Molecular phylogenetic studies at the population level solve this problem and lay a sound foundation for DNA barcoding.In this paper we exemplify the necessity of adopting a phylogenetic concept of species in DNA barcoding for tree peonies(Paeonia sect.Moutan).We used 40 samples representing all known populations of rare and endangered species and several populations of widely distributed tree peonies.All currently recognized species and major variants have been included in this study.Four chloroplast gene fragments,i.e.ndhF,rps16-trnQ,trnL-F and trnS-G(a total of 5040 characters,96 variable and 69 parsimony-informative characters) and one variable and single-copy nuclear GPAT gene fragment(2093?2197 bp,279 variable and 148 parsi-mony-informative characters) were used to construct phylogenetic relationships among the taxa.The evolutionary lineages revealed by the nuclear gene and the chloroplast genes are inconsistent with the current circumscriptions of P.decomposita,P.jishanensis,P.qiui,and P.rockii based on morphology.The inconsistencies come from(1) significant chloroplast gene divergence but little nuclear GPAT gene divergence among population systems of P.decomposita + P.rockii,and(2) well-diverged nuclear GPAT gene but little chloroplast gene divergence between P.jishanensis and P.qiui.The incongruence of the phylogenies based on the chloroplast genes and the nuclear GPAT gene is probably due to the chloro-plast capture event in evolutionary history,as no reproductive barriers exist to prevent inter-specific hybridization.We also evaluated the suitability of these genes for use as DNA barcodes for tree peonies.The variability of chloroplast genes among well-defined species or population systems of a species complex is 4.82 times the figure within the gr
基金The China National Social Science Fund of Art Sciences(20ZD02).
文摘Research on the evolution of cultural policy is the key in the field of public policy study,and it is also an important means to solve the problems that have emerged in cultural heritage management.The National Cultural Park is an innovative cultural heritage protection system proposed by Chinese leaders within the context of national rejuvenation and building a culturally-strong country campaign.From the perspective of system evolution theory,this paper systematically sorts out the ideas behind international heritage management and the evolutionary process of the Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,in an effort to explore the origin,innovation and vision of the National Cultural Park System.A review of the international heritage documents revealed that the principle of heritage protection has developed from“authenticity”to“integrity”,and the focus of the protection object has also changed from“monism”to“diversity”,which provided a theoretical background for the burgeoning National Cultural Park.The Cultural Relics Protection Unit system has been promoted as the most crucial cultural heritage management system in China.Therefore,this study sheds light on the evolution and limitations of the system that lays a practical foundation for the National Cultural Park System.There have been three stages in the history of China’s National Cultural Relics Protection Unit,namely,the creation of the system(1956–1965),the survival crisis of the system(1966–1977),and the rebirth and development of the system(1978 to the present),in which the main driving concepts of China's cultural heritage management have been sequentially elucidated as simple protectionism,tolerant conservatism and comprehensive developmentalism,respectively.Since the establishment of China’s Cultural Relics Protection Unit system,tremendous progress has been made not only in the enlightenment of the public’s mindset and but also in the development of system and culture.However,the changes in the institutional environment gradua
