以航天飞机为例,论述了跨大气层飞行器反推力控制系统(R eaction Con trol System,RCS)的工作原理,并给出了RCS推进器的控制模型。同时分析了RCS在回路中的各种工作模式和多推进器的系统冗余及其组合方式。最后在对RCS系统操作的基础上...以航天飞机为例,论述了跨大气层飞行器反推力控制系统(R eaction Con trol System,RCS)的工作原理,并给出了RCS推进器的控制模型。同时分析了RCS在回路中的各种工作模式和多推进器的系统冗余及其组合方式。最后在对RCS系统操作的基础上,研究了航天飞机在再入段飞行时的RCS控制问题。展开更多
The clear differences between the atmosphere of Mars and the Earth coupled with the lack of a domestic research basis were significant challenges for the aerodynamic prediction and verification of Tianwen-1.In additio...The clear differences between the atmosphere of Mars and the Earth coupled with the lack of a domestic research basis were significant challenges for the aerodynamic prediction and verification of Tianwen-1.In addition,the Mars entry,descent,and landing(EDL)mission led to specific requirements for the accuracy of the aerodynamic deceleration performance,stability,aerothermal heating,and various complex aerodynamic coupling problems of the entry module.This study analyzes the key and difficult aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic problems related to the Mars EDL process.Then,the study process and results of the design and optimization of the entry module configuration are presented along with the calculations and experiments used to obtain the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic characteristics in the Martian atmosphere.In addition,the simulation and verification of the low-frequency free oscillation characteristics under a large separation flow are described,and some special aerodynamic coupling problems such as the aeroelastic buffeting response of the trim tab are discussed.Finally,the atmospheric parameters and aerodynamic characteristics obtained from the flight data of the Tianwen-1 entry module are compared with the design data.The data obtained from the aerodynamic design,analysis,and verification of the Tianwen-1 entry module all meet the engineering requirements.In particular,the flight data results for the atmospheric parameters,trim angles of attack,and trim axial forces are within the envelopes of the prediction deviation zones.展开更多
To meet the requirements of the Tianwen-1 mission,adaptive entry guidance for entry vehicles,with low lift-to-drag ratios,limited control authority,and large initial state bias,was presented.Typically,the entry guidan...To meet the requirements of the Tianwen-1 mission,adaptive entry guidance for entry vehicles,with low lift-to-drag ratios,limited control authority,and large initial state bias,was presented.Typically,the entry guidance law is divided into four distinct phases:trim angle-of-attack phase,range control phase,heading alignment phase,and trim-wing deployment phase.In the range control phase,the predictor–corrector guidance algorithm is improved by planning an on-board trajectory based on the Mars Science Laboratory(MSL)entry guidance algorithm.The nominal trajectory was designed and described using a combination of the downrange value and other states,such as drag acceleration and altitude rate.For a large initial state bias,the nominal downrange value was modified onboard by weighing the landing accuracy,control authority,and parachute deployment altitude.The biggest advantage of this approach is that it allows the successful correction of altitude errors and the avoidance of control saturation.An overview of the optimal trajectory design process,including a discussion of the design of the initial flight path angle,relevant event trigger,and transition conditions between the four phases,was also presented.Finally,telemetry data analysis and post-flight assessment results were used to illustrate the adaptive guidance law,create good conditions for subsequent parachute reduction and power reduction processes,and gauge the success of the mission.展开更多
轨迹优化技术是目前大气进入段研究的关键技术之一,如何在大气进入动力学复杂、航天器设计参数各异以及进入过程多约束的条件下,对进入轨迹性能参数进行评估是轨迹设计研究的重要问题。对此,以二维落点走廊为表征的大气进入段最大飞行...轨迹优化技术是目前大气进入段研究的关键技术之一,如何在大气进入动力学复杂、航天器设计参数各异以及进入过程多约束的条件下,对进入轨迹性能参数进行评估是轨迹设计研究的重要问题。对此,以二维落点走廊为表征的大气进入段最大飞行航程作为性能指标,针对传统轨迹优化方法求解计算量庞大的问题,提出了一种基于高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)的大气进入段航天器飞行能力快速预测方法,挖掘航天器进入初始轨迹参量与轨迹包络特征参量之间的映射关系,求解航天器最大航程时避免了复杂的动力学建模以及大规模的迭代寻优过程。利用所提方法对1000余组不同进入场景的进入轨迹最大航程进行快速预测,将预测结果用于进入段航天器飞行能力评估,为解决大气进入领域相关工程问题提供参考。展开更多
The spaceplane is perspective vehicle due to wide maneuverability in comparison with a space capsule. Its maneuverability is expressed by the larger flight range and also by a possibility to rotate orbital inclination...The spaceplane is perspective vehicle due to wide maneuverability in comparison with a space capsule. Its maneuverability is expressed by the larger flight range and also by a possibility to rotate orbital inclination in the atmosphere by the aerodynamic and thrust forces. Orbital plane atmospheric rotation maneuvers can significantly reduce fuel costs compared to rocket-dynamic non-coplanar maneuver. However, this maneuver occurs at Mach numbers about 25, and such velocities lead to non-equilibrium chemical reactions in the shock wave. Such reactions change a physicochemical air property, and it affects aerodynamic coefficients. This paper investigates the influence of non-equilibrium reactions on the aerothrust aeroassisted maneuver with orbital change.The approach is to solve an optimization problem using the differential evolution algorithm with a temperature limitation. The spaceplane aerodynamic coefficients are determined by the numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The aerodynamic calculations are conducted for the cases of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. A comparison of optimal trajectories,control laws, and fuel costs is made between models of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. The effect of a chemically reacting gas on the finite parameters is also evaluated using control laws obtained for a perfect gas.展开更多
文摘以航天飞机为例,论述了跨大气层飞行器反推力控制系统(R eaction Con trol System,RCS)的工作原理,并给出了RCS推进器的控制模型。同时分析了RCS在回路中的各种工作模式和多推进器的系统冗余及其组合方式。最后在对RCS系统操作的基础上,研究了航天飞机在再入段飞行时的RCS控制问题。
基金This research comes from the Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission.The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the entire Tianwen-1 design team.
文摘The clear differences between the atmosphere of Mars and the Earth coupled with the lack of a domestic research basis were significant challenges for the aerodynamic prediction and verification of Tianwen-1.In addition,the Mars entry,descent,and landing(EDL)mission led to specific requirements for the accuracy of the aerodynamic deceleration performance,stability,aerothermal heating,and various complex aerodynamic coupling problems of the entry module.This study analyzes the key and difficult aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic problems related to the Mars EDL process.Then,the study process and results of the design and optimization of the entry module configuration are presented along with the calculations and experiments used to obtain the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic characteristics in the Martian atmosphere.In addition,the simulation and verification of the low-frequency free oscillation characteristics under a large separation flow are described,and some special aerodynamic coupling problems such as the aeroelastic buffeting response of the trim tab are discussed.Finally,the atmospheric parameters and aerodynamic characteristics obtained from the flight data of the Tianwen-1 entry module are compared with the design data.The data obtained from the aerodynamic design,analysis,and verification of the Tianwen-1 entry module all meet the engineering requirements.In particular,the flight data results for the atmospheric parameters,trim angles of attack,and trim axial forces are within the envelopes of the prediction deviation zones.
文摘To meet the requirements of the Tianwen-1 mission,adaptive entry guidance for entry vehicles,with low lift-to-drag ratios,limited control authority,and large initial state bias,was presented.Typically,the entry guidance law is divided into four distinct phases:trim angle-of-attack phase,range control phase,heading alignment phase,and trim-wing deployment phase.In the range control phase,the predictor–corrector guidance algorithm is improved by planning an on-board trajectory based on the Mars Science Laboratory(MSL)entry guidance algorithm.The nominal trajectory was designed and described using a combination of the downrange value and other states,such as drag acceleration and altitude rate.For a large initial state bias,the nominal downrange value was modified onboard by weighing the landing accuracy,control authority,and parachute deployment altitude.The biggest advantage of this approach is that it allows the successful correction of altitude errors and the avoidance of control saturation.An overview of the optimal trajectory design process,including a discussion of the design of the initial flight path angle,relevant event trigger,and transition conditions between the four phases,was also presented.Finally,telemetry data analysis and post-flight assessment results were used to illustrate the adaptive guidance law,create good conditions for subsequent parachute reduction and power reduction processes,and gauge the success of the mission.
文摘轨迹优化技术是目前大气进入段研究的关键技术之一,如何在大气进入动力学复杂、航天器设计参数各异以及进入过程多约束的条件下,对进入轨迹性能参数进行评估是轨迹设计研究的重要问题。对此,以二维落点走廊为表征的大气进入段最大飞行航程作为性能指标,针对传统轨迹优化方法求解计算量庞大的问题,提出了一种基于高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)的大气进入段航天器飞行能力快速预测方法,挖掘航天器进入初始轨迹参量与轨迹包络特征参量之间的映射关系,求解航天器最大航程时避免了复杂的动力学建模以及大规模的迭代寻优过程。利用所提方法对1000余组不同进入场景的进入轨迹最大航程进行快速预测,将预测结果用于进入段航天器飞行能力评估,为解决大气进入领域相关工程问题提供参考。
基金partially supported by the Ministrv of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the State Assignments to Higher Education Institutions and Research Organizations in scientific activity in the project#9.5453.2017/8.9。
文摘The spaceplane is perspective vehicle due to wide maneuverability in comparison with a space capsule. Its maneuverability is expressed by the larger flight range and also by a possibility to rotate orbital inclination in the atmosphere by the aerodynamic and thrust forces. Orbital plane atmospheric rotation maneuvers can significantly reduce fuel costs compared to rocket-dynamic non-coplanar maneuver. However, this maneuver occurs at Mach numbers about 25, and such velocities lead to non-equilibrium chemical reactions in the shock wave. Such reactions change a physicochemical air property, and it affects aerodynamic coefficients. This paper investigates the influence of non-equilibrium reactions on the aerothrust aeroassisted maneuver with orbital change.The approach is to solve an optimization problem using the differential evolution algorithm with a temperature limitation. The spaceplane aerodynamic coefficients are determined by the numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The aerodynamic calculations are conducted for the cases of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. A comparison of optimal trajectories,control laws, and fuel costs is made between models of perfect and non-equilibrium gases. The effect of a chemically reacting gas on the finite parameters is also evaluated using control laws obtained for a perfect gas.
