The orthogonal conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) method, orthogonal singular vectors (SVs)method and CNOP+SVs method, which is similar to the orthogonal SVs method but replaces the leading SV (LSV) w...The orthogonal conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) method, orthogonal singular vectors (SVs)method and CNOP+SVs method, which is similar to the orthogonal SVs method but replaces the leading SV (LSV) with the first CNOP, are adopted in both the Lorenz-96 model and Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) for ensemble forecasts. Using the MM5, typhoon track ensemble forecasting experiments are conducted for strong Typhoon Matsa in 2005. The results of the Lorenz-96 model show that the CNOP+SVs method has a higher ensemble forecast skill than the orthogonal SVs method, but ensemble forecasts using the orthogonal CNOPs method have the highest forecast skill. The results from the MM5 show that orthogonal CNOPs have a wider horizontal distribution and better describe the forecast uncertainties compared with SVs. When generating the ensemble mean forecast, equally averaging the ensemble members in addition to the anomalously perturbed forecast members may contribute to a higher forecast skill than equally averaging all of the ensemble members. Furthermore, for given initial perturbation amplitudes, the CNOP+SVs method may not have an ensemble forecast skill greater than that of the orthogonal SVs method, but the orthogonal CNOPs method is likely to have the highest forecast skill. Compared with SVs, orthogonal CNOPs fully consider the influence of nonlinear physical processes on the forecast results; therefore, considering the influence of nonlinearity may be important when generating fast-growing initial ensemble perturbations. All of the results show that the orthogonal CNOP method may be a potential new approach for ensemble forecasting.展开更多
In order to understand the current and potential use of ensemble forecasts in operational tropical cyclone(TC)forecasting,a questionnaire on the use of dynamic ensembles was conducted at operational TC forecast center...In order to understand the current and potential use of ensemble forecasts in operational tropical cyclone(TC)forecasting,a questionnaire on the use of dynamic ensembles was conducted at operational TC forecast centers across the world,in association with the World Meteorological Organisation(WMO)High-Impact Weather Project(HIWeather).The results of the survey are presented,and show that ensemble forecasts are used by nearly all respondents,particularly in TC track and genesis forecasting,with several examples of where ensemble forecasts have been pulled through successfully into the operational TC forecasting process.There is still however,a notable difference between the high proportion of operational TC forecasters who use and value ensemble forecast information,and the slower pull-through into operational forecast warnings and products of the probabilistic guidance and uncertainty information that ensembles can provide.Those areas of research and development that would help TC forecasters to make increased use of ensemble forecast information in the future include improved access to ensemble forecast data,verification and visualizations,the development of hazard and impact-based products,an improvement in the skill of the ensembles(particularly for intensity and structure),and improved guidance on how to use ensembles and optimally combine forecasts from all available models.A change in operational working practices towards using probabilistic information,and providing and communicating dynamic uncertainty information in operational forecasts and warnings,is also recommended.展开更多
概率预报是由集合预报衍生、包含不确定性信息的客观产品,对业务决策服务有重要的参考价值。传统的邻域集合概率法中,邻域半径固定不变,不符合实际天气过程中牵涉甚广的尺度谱。为此引入基于集合匹配尺度的邻域集合概率法(Neighborhood ...概率预报是由集合预报衍生、包含不确定性信息的客观产品,对业务决策服务有重要的参考价值。传统的邻域集合概率法中,邻域半径固定不变,不符合实际天气过程中牵涉甚广的尺度谱。为此引入基于集合匹配尺度的邻域集合概率法(Neighborhood Ensemble Probability based on Ensemble Agreement Scale,EAS_NEP),并在中国南方典型的梅雨锋暴雨中开展准确性和预报技巧的定量检验评估,以期验证该方法在此类过程中的适用性,并促进其在实际业务中的推广使用。联合扰动初始场、侧边界和物理过程所得到的集合预报能较好地表征实际的预报不确定性,进一步在此基础上比较了格点概率法、不同半径的邻域集合概率法以及EAS_NEP的优劣。试验结果表明,EAS_NEP能根据集合成员间的一致性程度,自适应地调整邻域半径,其在集中型降水中所确定的邻域半径通常大于分散型降水。动态调整的邻域半径既避免了半径过大时的过度平滑与关键信息丢失,又消除了半径较小所带来的奇异点,其空间分布呈阶梯型,空间连续性更优。此外,BS(布莱尔评分)、FSS(分数技巧评分)和ROC曲线(相对作用特征曲线)等定量评估结果也体现出EAS_NEP相比传统方法正的预报技巧,尤其是在分散型降水和高阈值检验时优势更明显。以上结果表明,EAS_NEP在梅雨锋暴雨的预报中具有较好的应用前景,运用在业务中能有效提升概率预报质量。展开更多
利用ECMWF集合预报对2016年6月11—12日发生在长三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了分析,并对集合"好""坏"两类成员的预报结果进行了对比。分析表明:集合预报对本次暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,集合平均预报效果要优...利用ECMWF集合预报对2016年6月11—12日发生在长三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了分析,并对集合"好""坏"两类成员的预报结果进行了对比。分析表明:集合预报对本次暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,集合平均预报效果要优于确定性预报,其雨量预报的增大趋势对暴雨的预报具有一定的指示意义;高分位数集合成员对于暴雨预报有比较好的参考价值,尤其是在预报时效还较长的时候,如果连续多起报时次高分位数集合成员都预报出暴雨,以及低分位数集合成员的雨量预报呈现逐渐增大趋势,预示着暴雨的可能性在增大,有助于暴雨预报的决策;对天气系统和气象要素的预报差异是造成"好""坏"两类集合成员对本次暴雨过程模拟效果差异的主要原因,对500 h Pa高空槽、850 h Pa低涡及其切变线、西南气流和偏东气流的模拟是决定"好""坏"两类集合成员模拟效果的关键因素。展开更多
Satellite data obtained over synoptic data-sparse regions such as an ocean contribute toward improving the quality of the initial state of limited-area models. Background error covariances are crucial to the proper di...Satellite data obtained over synoptic data-sparse regions such as an ocean contribute toward improving the quality of the initial state of limited-area models. Background error covariances are crucial to the proper distribution of satellite-observed information in variational data assimilation. In the NMC （National Meteorological Center） method, background error covariances are underestimated over data-sparse regions such as an ocean because of small differences between different forecast times. Thus, it is necessary to reconstruct and tune the background error covariances so as to maximize the usefulness of the satellite data for the initial state of limited-area models, especially over an ocean where there is a lack of conventional data. In this study, we attempted to estimate background error covariances so as to provide adequate error statistics for data-sparse regions by using ensemble forecasts of optimal perturbations using bred vectors. The background error covariances estimated by the ensemble method reduced the overestimation of error amplitude obtained by the NMC method. By employing an appropriate horizontal length scale to exclude spurious correlations, the ensemble method produced better results than the NMC method in the assimilation of retrieved satellite data. Because the ensemble method distributes observed information over a limited local area, it would be more useful in the analysis of high-resolution satellite data. Accordingly, the performance of forecast models can be improved over the area where the satellite data are assimilated.展开更多
基于TIGGE（THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,全球交互式大集合）资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather,ECMWF）、日本气象厅（Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心...基于TIGGE（THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,全球交互式大集合）资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather,ECMWF）、日本气象厅（Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP）和英国气象局（United Kingdom Met Office,UKMO）4个中心的北半球地面2m气温集合平均预报资料,利用插值技术与回归分析,并引入了消除偏差集合平均（bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM）和多模式超级集合（superensemble,SUP）方法进行统计降尺度预报研究.结果表明,在2007年夏季3个月中,4个单中心的降尺度预报明显地改善了预报效果.引入SUP和BREM两种集成预报方法后,预报误差得到进一步减小.对比综合表现最好的单中心ECMWF的预报,1～7d的降尺度预报误差改进率均达20％以上.研究还发现,引入SUP方法的降尺度预报效果优于引入BREM方法的降尺度预报,利用双线性插值方法在上述两方案中的预报效果优于其他3种插值方法.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41525017 & 41475100)the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction (Grant No. GASI-IPOVAI-06)the GRAPES Development Program of China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. GRAPES-FZZX-2018)
文摘The orthogonal conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) method, orthogonal singular vectors (SVs)method and CNOP+SVs method, which is similar to the orthogonal SVs method but replaces the leading SV (LSV) with the first CNOP, are adopted in both the Lorenz-96 model and Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) for ensemble forecasts. Using the MM5, typhoon track ensemble forecasting experiments are conducted for strong Typhoon Matsa in 2005. The results of the Lorenz-96 model show that the CNOP+SVs method has a higher ensemble forecast skill than the orthogonal SVs method, but ensemble forecasts using the orthogonal CNOPs method have the highest forecast skill. The results from the MM5 show that orthogonal CNOPs have a wider horizontal distribution and better describe the forecast uncertainties compared with SVs. When generating the ensemble mean forecast, equally averaging the ensemble members in addition to the anomalously perturbed forecast members may contribute to a higher forecast skill than equally averaging all of the ensemble members. Furthermore, for given initial perturbation amplitudes, the CNOP+SVs method may not have an ensemble forecast skill greater than that of the orthogonal SVs method, but the orthogonal CNOPs method is likely to have the highest forecast skill. Compared with SVs, orthogonal CNOPs fully consider the influence of nonlinear physical processes on the forecast results; therefore, considering the influence of nonlinearity may be important when generating fast-growing initial ensemble perturbations. All of the results show that the orthogonal CNOP method may be a potential new approach for ensemble forecasting.
文摘In order to understand the current and potential use of ensemble forecasts in operational tropical cyclone(TC)forecasting,a questionnaire on the use of dynamic ensembles was conducted at operational TC forecast centers across the world,in association with the World Meteorological Organisation(WMO)High-Impact Weather Project(HIWeather).The results of the survey are presented,and show that ensemble forecasts are used by nearly all respondents,particularly in TC track and genesis forecasting,with several examples of where ensemble forecasts have been pulled through successfully into the operational TC forecasting process.There is still however,a notable difference between the high proportion of operational TC forecasters who use and value ensemble forecast information,and the slower pull-through into operational forecast warnings and products of the probabilistic guidance and uncertainty information that ensembles can provide.Those areas of research and development that would help TC forecasters to make increased use of ensemble forecast information in the future include improved access to ensemble forecast data,verification and visualizations,the development of hazard and impact-based products,an improvement in the skill of the ensembles(particularly for intensity and structure),and improved guidance on how to use ensembles and optimally combine forecasts from all available models.A change in operational working practices towards using probabilistic information,and providing and communicating dynamic uncertainty information in operational forecasts and warnings,is also recommended.
文摘概率预报是由集合预报衍生、包含不确定性信息的客观产品,对业务决策服务有重要的参考价值。传统的邻域集合概率法中,邻域半径固定不变,不符合实际天气过程中牵涉甚广的尺度谱。为此引入基于集合匹配尺度的邻域集合概率法(Neighborhood Ensemble Probability based on Ensemble Agreement Scale,EAS_NEP),并在中国南方典型的梅雨锋暴雨中开展准确性和预报技巧的定量检验评估,以期验证该方法在此类过程中的适用性,并促进其在实际业务中的推广使用。联合扰动初始场、侧边界和物理过程所得到的集合预报能较好地表征实际的预报不确定性,进一步在此基础上比较了格点概率法、不同半径的邻域集合概率法以及EAS_NEP的优劣。试验结果表明,EAS_NEP能根据集合成员间的一致性程度,自适应地调整邻域半径,其在集中型降水中所确定的邻域半径通常大于分散型降水。动态调整的邻域半径既避免了半径过大时的过度平滑与关键信息丢失,又消除了半径较小所带来的奇异点,其空间分布呈阶梯型,空间连续性更优。此外,BS(布莱尔评分)、FSS(分数技巧评分)和ROC曲线(相对作用特征曲线)等定量评估结果也体现出EAS_NEP相比传统方法正的预报技巧,尤其是在分散型降水和高阈值检验时优势更明显。以上结果表明,EAS_NEP在梅雨锋暴雨的预报中具有较好的应用前景,运用在业务中能有效提升概率预报质量。
文摘利用ECMWF集合预报对2016年6月11—12日发生在长三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了分析,并对集合"好""坏"两类成员的预报结果进行了对比。分析表明:集合预报对本次暴雨过程具有比较好的预报能力,集合平均预报效果要优于确定性预报,其雨量预报的增大趋势对暴雨的预报具有一定的指示意义;高分位数集合成员对于暴雨预报有比较好的参考价值,尤其是在预报时效还较长的时候,如果连续多起报时次高分位数集合成员都预报出暴雨,以及低分位数集合成员的雨量预报呈现逐渐增大趋势,预示着暴雨的可能性在增大,有助于暴雨预报的决策;对天气系统和气象要素的预报差异是造成"好""坏"两类集合成员对本次暴雨过程模拟效果差异的主要原因,对500 h Pa高空槽、850 h Pa低涡及其切变线、西南气流和偏东气流的模拟是决定"好""坏"两类集合成员模拟效果的关键因素。
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant RACS 2010-2016supported by the Brain Korea 21 project of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development of the Korean government
文摘Satellite data obtained over synoptic data-sparse regions such as an ocean contribute toward improving the quality of the initial state of limited-area models. Background error covariances are crucial to the proper distribution of satellite-observed information in variational data assimilation. In the NMC （National Meteorological Center） method, background error covariances are underestimated over data-sparse regions such as an ocean because of small differences between different forecast times. Thus, it is necessary to reconstruct and tune the background error covariances so as to maximize the usefulness of the satellite data for the initial state of limited-area models, especially over an ocean where there is a lack of conventional data. In this study, we attempted to estimate background error covariances so as to provide adequate error statistics for data-sparse regions by using ensemble forecasts of optimal perturbations using bred vectors. The background error covariances estimated by the ensemble method reduced the overestimation of error amplitude obtained by the NMC method. By employing an appropriate horizontal length scale to exclude spurious correlations, the ensemble method produced better results than the NMC method in the assimilation of retrieved satellite data. Because the ensemble method distributes observed information over a limited local area, it would be more useful in the analysis of high-resolution satellite data. Accordingly, the performance of forecast models can be improved over the area where the satellite data are assimilated.
文摘基于TIGGE（THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,全球交互式大集合）资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather,ECMWF）、日本气象厅（Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP）和英国气象局（United Kingdom Met Office,UKMO）4个中心的北半球地面2m气温集合平均预报资料,利用插值技术与回归分析,并引入了消除偏差集合平均（bias-removed ensemble mean,BREM）和多模式超级集合（superensemble,SUP）方法进行统计降尺度预报研究.结果表明,在2007年夏季3个月中,4个单中心的降尺度预报明显地改善了预报效果.引入SUP和BREM两种集成预报方法后,预报误差得到进一步减小.对比综合表现最好的单中心ECMWF的预报,1～7d的降尺度预报误差改进率均达20％以上.研究还发现,引入SUP方法的降尺度预报效果优于引入BREM方法的降尺度预报,利用双线性插值方法在上述两方案中的预报效果优于其他3种插值方法.
