In this paper, the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ （WW3） was used to simulate the wave field of the East China Sea and South China Sea from January 1988 to December 2009, with wind input of CCMP wind field....In this paper, the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ （WW3） was used to simulate the wave field of the East China Sea and South China Sea from January 1988 to December 2009, with wind input of CCMP wind field. Then, the wind energy density and wave energy density were calculated by using the simulated 22-years＇ wave-field data and CCMP data. By synthetically considering the size of energy density, the frequency of energy level and the stability of energy density, the resources of wind energy and wave energy in the East China Sea and South China Sea were analyzed and regionalized. The result can be a guide to searching location of wind ＆ wave power plant.展开更多
The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coo...The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coordination environment has been advanced to the atomic level.The surrounding coordination atoms of central metal atoms play important roles in their catalytic activity,selectivity and stability.In recent years,remarkable improvements of the catalytic performance of SACs have been achieved by the tailoring of coordination atoms,coordination numbers and second-or higher-coordination shells,which provided new opportunities for the further development of SACs.In this review,the characterization of coordination environment,tailoring of the local coordination environment,and their related adjustable catalytic performance will be discussed.We hope this review will provide new insights on further research of SACs.展开更多
Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportati...Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportation,manufacturing,power generation,and residential.Previously published four case studies on passenger cars,trucks and buses,paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses.The following can be concluded:-In total,～23％ (119 EJ) of the world's total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts.Of that 20％ (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3％ (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.-By taking advantage of the new surface,materials,and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles,machinery and other equipment worldwide,energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40％ in the long term (15 years)and by 18％ in the short term (8 years).On global scale,these savings would amount to 1.4％ of the GDP annually and 8.7％ of the total energy consumption in the long term.-The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25％) and in the power generation (20％) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ～10％.In the longer terms,the savings would be 55％,40％,25％,and 20％,respectively.-Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term.In the longer term,the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.Fifty years ago,wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95％ in ten years by the development and deployment of new展开更多
A careful study on the integral properties of the primitive hydrostatic balance equations for baroclinic atmosphere is carried out, and a new scheme todesign the global adiabatic model of atmospheric dynamics ispresen...A careful study on the integral properties of the primitive hydrostatic balance equations for baroclinic atmosphere is carried out, and a new scheme todesign the global adiabatic model of atmospheric dynamics ispresented. This scheme includes a method of weighted equal-areamesh and a fully discrete finite difference method with quadraticand linear conservations for solving the primitive equationsystem. Using this scheme, we established a new dynamical corewith adjustable high resolution acceptable to the availablecomputer capability, which can be very stable without anyfiltering and smoothing. Especially, some important integralproperties are kept unchanged, such as the anti-symmetries of thehorizontal advection operators and the vertical convectionoperator, the mass conservation, the effective energy conservationunder the standard stratification approximation, and so on. Somenumerical tests on the new dynamical core, respectively regardingits global conservations and its integrated performances inclimatic modeling, incorporated with the physical packagesfrom the Community Atmospheric Model Version 2 (CAM2) of NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), are included.展开更多
As an energy storage medium,hydrogen has drawn the attention of research institutions and industry over the past decade,motivated in part by developments in renewable energy,which have led to unused surplus wind and p...As an energy storage medium,hydrogen has drawn the attention of research institutions and industry over the past decade,motivated in part by developments in renewable energy,which have led to unused surplus wind and photovoltaic power.Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is a good option to make full use of the surplus renewable energy.Among various technologies for producing hydrogen,water electrolysis using electricity from renewable power sources shows greatpromise.To investigate the prospects of water electrolysis for hydrogen production,this review compares different water electrolysis processes,i.e.,alkaline water electrolysis,proton exchange membrane water electrolysis,solid oxide water electrolysis,and alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis.The ion transfer mechanisms,operating characteristics,energy consumption,and industrial products of different water electrolysis apparatus are introduced in this review.Prospects for new water electrolysis technologies are discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the National key basic research development program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950400)
文摘In this paper, the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ （WW3） was used to simulate the wave field of the East China Sea and South China Sea from January 1988 to December 2009, with wind input of CCMP wind field. Then, the wind energy density and wave energy density were calculated by using the simulated 22-years＇ wave-field data and CCMP data. By synthetically considering the size of energy density, the frequency of energy level and the stability of energy density, the resources of wind energy and wave energy in the East China Sea and South China Sea were analyzed and regionalized. The result can be a guide to searching location of wind ＆ wave power plant.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFA0702003 and 2016YFA0202801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51631001,51872030,21890383,21671117,21871159,21901135,51702016,and 51501010)+1 种基金Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young ScholarsBeijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z191100007219003).
文摘The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coordination environment has been advanced to the atomic level.The surrounding coordination atoms of central metal atoms play important roles in their catalytic activity,selectivity and stability.In recent years,remarkable improvements of the catalytic performance of SACs have been achieved by the tailoring of coordination atoms,coordination numbers and second-or higher-coordination shells,which provided new opportunities for the further development of SACs.In this review,the characterization of coordination environment,tailoring of the local coordination environment,and their related adjustable catalytic performance will be discussed.We hope this review will provide new insights on further research of SACs.
文摘Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption,economic expenditure,and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale.This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors:transportation,manufacturing,power generation,and residential.Previously published four case studies on passenger cars,trucks and buses,paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses.The following can be concluded:-In total,～23％ (119 EJ) of the world's total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts.Of that 20％ (103 EJ) is used to overcome friction and 3％ (16 EJ) is used to remanufacture worn parts and spare equipment due to wear and wear-related failures.-By taking advantage of the new surface,materials,and lubrication technologies for friction reduction and wear protection in vehicles,machinery and other equipment worldwide,energy losses due to friction and wear could potentially be reduced by 40％ in the long term (15 years)and by 18％ in the short term (8 years).On global scale,these savings would amount to 1.4％ of the GDP annually and 8.7％ of the total energy consumption in the long term.-The largest short term energy savings are envisioned in transportation (25％) and in the power generation (20％) while the potential savings in the manufacturing and residential sectors are estimated to be ～10％.In the longer terms,the savings would be 55％,40％,25％,and 20％,respectively.-Implementing advanced tribological technologies can also reduce the CO2 emissions globally by as much as 1,460 MtCO2 and result in 450,000 million Euros cost savings in the short term.In the longer term,the reduction can be 3,140 MtCO2 and the cost savings 970,000 million Euros.Fifty years ago,wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95％ in ten years by the development and deployment of new
基金This paper is supported by the 973 Project(Grant No.G1999032801)the Fund for Innovative Research Groups(Grant No.41221503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40233031).
文摘A careful study on the integral properties of the primitive hydrostatic balance equations for baroclinic atmosphere is carried out, and a new scheme todesign the global adiabatic model of atmospheric dynamics ispresented. This scheme includes a method of weighted equal-areamesh and a fully discrete finite difference method with quadraticand linear conservations for solving the primitive equationsystem. Using this scheme, we established a new dynamical corewith adjustable high resolution acceptable to the availablecomputer capability, which can be very stable without anyfiltering and smoothing. Especially, some important integralproperties are kept unchanged, such as the anti-symmetries of thehorizontal advection operators and the vertical convectionoperator, the mass conservation, the effective energy conservationunder the standard stratification approximation, and so on. Somenumerical tests on the new dynamical core, respectively regardingits global conservations and its integrated performances inclimatic modeling, incorporated with the physical packagesfrom the Community Atmospheric Model Version 2 (CAM2) of NationalCenter for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), are included.
基金supported by the Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1664259)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91434106)+1 种基金 the State Grid Fund (SGTYHT/15-JS-193)the Beijing municipal science and technology commission project (Z171100002017024)~~
文摘As an energy storage medium,hydrogen has drawn the attention of research institutions and industry over the past decade,motivated in part by developments in renewable energy,which have led to unused surplus wind and photovoltaic power.Hydrogen production from water electrolysis is a good option to make full use of the surplus renewable energy.Among various technologies for producing hydrogen,water electrolysis using electricity from renewable power sources shows greatpromise.To investigate the prospects of water electrolysis for hydrogen production,this review compares different water electrolysis processes,i.e.,alkaline water electrolysis,proton exchange membrane water electrolysis,solid oxide water electrolysis,and alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis.The ion transfer mechanisms,operating characteristics,energy consumption,and industrial products of different water electrolysis apparatus are introduced in this review.Prospects for new water electrolysis technologies are discussed.
