On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances nee...On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances need to be allocated. This makes the carbon emissions allowance allocation scheme crucially important as it goes a long way in deciding the effi ciency and fairness of the carbon cap-andtrade market. Although it has been proved that allocation by auction is the most effective way, Shenzhen city as one of the trading pilots will allocate carbon allowances free of charge at the initial stage. The European Union's(EU) free allocation system, a product-based benchmark scheme for the manufacturing industry implement in 2013, is not feasible for Shenzhen due to the lack of data at a product level. Therefore the target of this paper is to explore a new allocation scheme with the data at a fi rm level other than the grandfathering scheme to fi ll the gap. In this paper, a carbon intensity based allocation scheme is developed by using the Boltzmann distribution and Gail- Shapley game. In the fi nal part of the report, fi rm level data from 2010 to 2011 of fi rms in Shenzhen, China are used to verify the effect and fi tness of the allocation scheme.展开更多
This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a s...This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing countries; under such circumstance, these futu展开更多
基金fund from the Shenzhen Development and Reform Commission
文摘On October 29, 2011, a number of cities and provinces in China were chosen to host pilot locations for carbon emissions trading systems. Before a carbon trading market can be functional, carbon emission allowances need to be allocated. This makes the carbon emissions allowance allocation scheme crucially important as it goes a long way in deciding the effi ciency and fairness of the carbon cap-andtrade market. Although it has been proved that allocation by auction is the most effective way, Shenzhen city as one of the trading pilots will allocate carbon allowances free of charge at the initial stage. The European Union's(EU) free allocation system, a product-based benchmark scheme for the manufacturing industry implement in 2013, is not feasible for Shenzhen due to the lack of data at a product level. Therefore the target of this paper is to explore a new allocation scheme with the data at a fi rm level other than the grandfathering scheme to fi ll the gap. In this paper, a carbon intensity based allocation scheme is developed by using the Boltzmann distribution and Gail- Shapley game. In the fi nal part of the report, fi rm level data from 2010 to 2011 of fi rms in Shenzhen, China are used to verify the effect and fi tness of the allocation scheme.
基金Supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Knowledge Innovation Program (Grant No. KZCX-YW-Q1-10)
文摘This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing countries; under such circumstance, these futu
