Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbo...Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbon emissions and different kinds of carbon transfer patterns.By identifying carbon emission flows among 31 domestic provincial administrative regions and 184 foreign countries/economies,this work examines the domestic and foreign carbon emission flows of Chinese provinces/municipalities based on the intra-and inter-national relations.Overall,the provinces and municipalities in China are divided into 4 patterns according to carbon emission flows,among which inland provinces mainly engage in domestic carbon emission transfers,western regions generally receive carbon emissions with main carbon outflows in northeastern and central provinces,and coastal regions play an essential role in balancing carbon emission surpluses and deficits between domestic and foreign regions.For different sub-regions in China,recognizing carbon emission transfer relations contributes to the synergetic and sustainable regional development from a tele-connected perspective.With the nested network analysis,the multi-scale and multiregional assessments focusing upon China’s provinces and municipalities extend the existing research to both national and global scales,providing a solid foundation for sustainable regional development in China.展开更多
The life-cycle assessment method,which originates from general products and services,has gradually come to be applied to investigations of the life-cycle carbon emissions(LCCE)of buildings.A literature review was cond...The life-cycle assessment method,which originates from general products and services,has gradually come to be applied to investigations of the life-cycle carbon emissions(LCCE)of buildings.A literature review was conducted to clarify LCCE implications,calculations,and reductions in the context of buildings.A total of 826 global building carbon emission calculation cases were obtained from 161 studies based on the framework of the building life-cycle stage division stipulated by ISO 21930 and the basic principles of the emission factor(EF)approach.The carbon emission calculation methods and results are discussed herein,based on the modules of production,construction,use,end-of-life,and supplementary benefits.According to the hotspot distribution of a building’s carbon emissions,carbon reduction strategies are classified into six groups for technical content and benefits analysis,including reducing the activity data pertaining to building materials and energy,reducing the carbon EFs of the building materials and energy,and exploiting the advantages of supplementary benefits.The research gaps and challenges in current building LCCE studies are summarized in terms of research goals and ideas,calculation methods,basic parameters,and carbon reduction strategies;development suggestions are also proposed.展开更多
China-US trade holds great significance for the world’s political and economic landscape.Since 2018,the US government has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese exports on the grounds of the US trade deficit with Chin...China-US trade holds great significance for the world’s political and economic landscape.Since 2018,the US government has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese exports on the grounds of the US trade deficit with China.However,the transfer of pollutants embodied in trade and the differences in environmental costs between China and the US have not been widely recognized.In this study,we quantify the embodied carbon emissions(the"virtual"emissions associated with trade and consumption)in China-US trade by constructing a carbon dioxide emissions inventory and a multiregional input-output model.The study shows that the US benefits from a trade surplus of environmental costs by importing energy-intensive and pollutionintensive products from China,which increases China’s environmental pollution and abatement costs.In 2017,288 Mt CO2 emissions were associated with products produced in China but finally consumed in the US,and only 46 Mt CO2 were associated with the US products that were consumed in China.From this perspective,China-US trade results in a net transfer of 242 Mt CO2 per year from the US to China,accounting for approximately 5%of the total CO2 emissions in the US.More importantly,for Chinese products exported to the US,the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.92 kg/$(RMB:USD=6.8:1),but for US products exported to China,the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.53 kg/$,which means China will incur environmental costs that are 74%higher than those of the US while enjoying the same economic benefits.This environmental trade deficit has burdened China with higher environmental costs than economic benefits.To address this environmental trade deficit,China should actively promote further industrial upgrading and energy structure adjustment and increase investment in innovation and R&D,thereby increasing the value added per unit of export products and reducing the environmental cost of producing export products.展开更多
In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter-country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-ou...In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter-country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output(MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road(BR), and the spatial distribution of production-and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers' responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production-based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.展开更多
Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon...Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82%of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15%in 2002,increased to 13.13%in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64%in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0602804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41701135,41871118&41601172)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA20010102&XDA23100402)。
文摘Since China carries an increasingly significant responsibility in carbon emission reduction,a systematic assessment from the multi-scale and multi-regional perspective is essential to examine the region-specific carbon emissions and different kinds of carbon transfer patterns.By identifying carbon emission flows among 31 domestic provincial administrative regions and 184 foreign countries/economies,this work examines the domestic and foreign carbon emission flows of Chinese provinces/municipalities based on the intra-and inter-national relations.Overall,the provinces and municipalities in China are divided into 4 patterns according to carbon emission flows,among which inland provinces mainly engage in domestic carbon emission transfers,western regions generally receive carbon emissions with main carbon outflows in northeastern and central provinces,and coastal regions play an essential role in balancing carbon emission surpluses and deficits between domestic and foreign regions.For different sub-regions in China,recognizing carbon emission transfer relations contributes to the synergetic and sustainable regional development from a tele-connected perspective.With the nested network analysis,the multi-scale and multiregional assessments focusing upon China’s provinces and municipalities extend the existing research to both national and global scales,providing a solid foundation for sustainable regional development in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51825802,52130803,52278020,and 72374121)the China National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFE0106100)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711815)the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE.
文摘The life-cycle assessment method,which originates from general products and services,has gradually come to be applied to investigations of the life-cycle carbon emissions(LCCE)of buildings.A literature review was conducted to clarify LCCE implications,calculations,and reductions in the context of buildings.A total of 826 global building carbon emission calculation cases were obtained from 161 studies based on the framework of the building life-cycle stage division stipulated by ISO 21930 and the basic principles of the emission factor(EF)approach.The carbon emission calculation methods and results are discussed herein,based on the modules of production,construction,use,end-of-life,and supplementary benefits.According to the hotspot distribution of a building’s carbon emissions,carbon reduction strategies are classified into six groups for technical content and benefits analysis,including reducing the activity data pertaining to building materials and energy,reducing the carbon EFs of the building materials and energy,and exploiting the advantages of supplementary benefits.The research gaps and challenges in current building LCCE studies are summarized in terms of research goals and ideas,calculation methods,basic parameters,and carbon reduction strategies;development suggestions are also proposed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71874097&41921005)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.JQ19032)Qiu Shi Science and Technologies Foundation。
文摘China-US trade holds great significance for the world’s political and economic landscape.Since 2018,the US government has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese exports on the grounds of the US trade deficit with China.However,the transfer of pollutants embodied in trade and the differences in environmental costs between China and the US have not been widely recognized.In this study,we quantify the embodied carbon emissions(the"virtual"emissions associated with trade and consumption)in China-US trade by constructing a carbon dioxide emissions inventory and a multiregional input-output model.The study shows that the US benefits from a trade surplus of environmental costs by importing energy-intensive and pollutionintensive products from China,which increases China’s environmental pollution and abatement costs.In 2017,288 Mt CO2 emissions were associated with products produced in China but finally consumed in the US,and only 46 Mt CO2 were associated with the US products that were consumed in China.From this perspective,China-US trade results in a net transfer of 242 Mt CO2 per year from the US to China,accounting for approximately 5%of the total CO2 emissions in the US.More importantly,for Chinese products exported to the US,the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.92 kg/$(RMB:USD=6.8:1),but for US products exported to China,the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.53 kg/$,which means China will incur environmental costs that are 74%higher than those of the US while enjoying the same economic benefits.This environmental trade deficit has burdened China with higher environmental costs than economic benefits.To address this environmental trade deficit,China should actively promote further industrial upgrading and energy structure adjustment and increase investment in innovation and R&D,thereby increasing the value added per unit of export products and reducing the environmental cost of producing export products.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2016YFA0602804National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41701135
文摘In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter-country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output(MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road(BR), and the spatial distribution of production-and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers' responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production-based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.
文摘Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82%of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15%in 2002,increased to 13.13%in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64%in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.
