Currently,pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease.The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family.A great de...Currently,pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease.The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family.A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors.The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds.In this review,we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis,explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors,and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment.In addition,we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis.In brief,pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors.The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors,and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.展开更多
Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)is a very common neurological disease in older people.It causes stroke and dementia,mood disturbance and gait problems.Since it is difficult to visualise CSVD pathologies in vivo,the...Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)is a very common neurological disease in older people.It causes stroke and dementia,mood disturbance and gait problems.Since it is difficult to visualise CSVD pathologies in vivo,the diagnosis of CSVD has relied on imaging findings including white matter hyperintensities,lacunar ischaemic stroke,lacunes,microbleeds,visible perivascular spaces and many haemorrhagic strokes.However,variations in the use of definition and terms of these features have probably caused confusion and difficulties in interpreting results of previous studies.A standardised use of terms should be encouraged in CSVD research.These CSVD features have long been regarded as different lesions,but emerging evidence has indicated that they might share some common intrinsic microvascular pathologies and therefore,owing to its diffuse nature,CSVD should be regarded as a‘whole-brain disease’.Single antiplatelet(for acute lacunar ischaemic stroke)and management of traditional risk factors still remain the most important therapeutic and preventive approach,due to limited understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD.Increasing evidence suggests that new studies should consider drugs that target endothelium and blood–brain barrier to prevent and treat CSVD.Epidemiology of CSVD might differ in Asian compared with Western populations(where most results and guidelines about CSVD and stroke originate),but more community-based data and clear stratification of stroke types are required to address this.展开更多
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular dysfunction including myocardial infarction, unstable angina, sudden cardiac death, stroke and peripheral thromboses. It has been predic...Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular dysfunction including myocardial infarction, unstable angina, sudden cardiac death, stroke and peripheral thromboses. It has been predicted that atherosclerosis will be the primary cause of death in the world by 2020. Atherogenesis is initiated by endothelial injury due to oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The impairment of the endothelium associated with cardiovascular risk factors creates an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting factors, in particular, an increase in angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) and a decrease in nitric oxide. The renin-angiotensin system(RAS), and its primary mediator Ang Ⅱ, also have a direct influence on the progression of the atherosclerotic process via effects on endothelial function, inflammation, fibrinolytic balance, and plaque stability. Anti-inflammatory agents [statins, secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibitor, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, chemokine motif ligand-2, C-C chemokine motif receptor 2 pathway inhibitors, methotrexate, IL-1 pathway inhibitor and RAS inhibitors(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)], Ang Ⅱ receptor blockers and ranin inhibitors may slow inflammatory processes and disease progression. Several studies in human using anti-inflammatory agents and RAS inhibitors revealed vascular benefits and reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable angina pectoris; decreased vascular inflammatory markers, improved common carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume in patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D analogs paricalcitol in Apo E-deficient atherosclerotic mice.展开更多
AIM:To assess risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) and to develop preventive measures.METHODS:This retrospective study was performed in a tertiary referral center.A total of 32...AIM:To assess risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) and to develop preventive measures.METHODS:This retrospective study was performed in a tertiary referral center.A total of 328 patients underwent ESD for 398 gastric neoplasms between July 2007 and June 2009.The main outcome was association between post-ESD bleeding and the following:age;sex;comorbidities;daily use of medicine potentially related to gastric injury/bleeding;location,size,and histological depth of lesions;ulceration;experience of operator coagulating the ulcer floor,and duration of operation.We also determined the relationship between the location of post-ESD bleeding and risk factors for hemorrhage.RESULTS:Univariate analysis revealed significant risk factors:tumor location [odds ratio(OR),2.86;95% CI:1.21-6.79,P=0.024],coagulator experience(OR,4.29;95% CI:1.43-12.86,P=0.009),and medicine potentially related to gastric injury/bleeding(OR,2.80;95% CI:1.14-6.90,P=0.039).Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed significant,independent risk factors:tumor in lower third of stomach(OR,2.47;95% CI:1.02-5.96,P=0.044),beginner coagulator(OR,3.93;95% CI:1.29-11.9,P=0.016),and medicine(OR,2.76;95% CI:1.09-6.98,P=0.032).We classif ied cases of post-ESD bleeding into two groups(bleeding at the ulcer margin vs bleeding at the center) and found that bleeding at the margin occurred more frequently with beginner coagulators compared with experts(OR,16.00;95% CI:1.22-210.59,P=0.040).CONCLUSION:Beginner coagulators,tumor in the antrum,and medicines were significant risk factors for post-ESD bleeding.Bleeding at the ulcer margin frequently occurred with beginner operators.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by Grant No.81773341,82073458,81830096 from the National Natural Science Foundationthe Major Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC Grant No.81620108024+1 种基金the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111 Project,No.B20017)Scientific Research and Innovation Project of postgraduates in Hunan Province Grant No.1053320192834.
文摘Currently,pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease.The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family.A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors.The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds.In this review,we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis,explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors,and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment.In addition,we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis.In brief,pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors.The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors,and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.
基金YS is supported by the China Scholarships Council.The work described in this paper was supported by the Wellcome Trust(WT088134/Z/09/A)the MRC,the Scottish Chief Scientist Office(CZB/4/281)Chest Heart Stroke Scotland,the UK HTA,etc.
文摘Cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)is a very common neurological disease in older people.It causes stroke and dementia,mood disturbance and gait problems.Since it is difficult to visualise CSVD pathologies in vivo,the diagnosis of CSVD has relied on imaging findings including white matter hyperintensities,lacunar ischaemic stroke,lacunes,microbleeds,visible perivascular spaces and many haemorrhagic strokes.However,variations in the use of definition and terms of these features have probably caused confusion and difficulties in interpreting results of previous studies.A standardised use of terms should be encouraged in CSVD research.These CSVD features have long been regarded as different lesions,but emerging evidence has indicated that they might share some common intrinsic microvascular pathologies and therefore,owing to its diffuse nature,CSVD should be regarded as a‘whole-brain disease’.Single antiplatelet(for acute lacunar ischaemic stroke)and management of traditional risk factors still remain the most important therapeutic and preventive approach,due to limited understanding of pathophysiology in CSVD.Increasing evidence suggests that new studies should consider drugs that target endothelium and blood–brain barrier to prevent and treat CSVD.Epidemiology of CSVD might differ in Asian compared with Western populations(where most results and guidelines about CSVD and stroke originate),but more community-based data and clear stratification of stroke types are required to address this.
文摘Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular dysfunction including myocardial infarction, unstable angina, sudden cardiac death, stroke and peripheral thromboses. It has been predicted that atherosclerosis will be the primary cause of death in the world by 2020. Atherogenesis is initiated by endothelial injury due to oxidative stress associated with cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The impairment of the endothelium associated with cardiovascular risk factors creates an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting factors, in particular, an increase in angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) and a decrease in nitric oxide. The renin-angiotensin system(RAS), and its primary mediator Ang Ⅱ, also have a direct influence on the progression of the atherosclerotic process via effects on endothelial function, inflammation, fibrinolytic balance, and plaque stability. Anti-inflammatory agents [statins, secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibitor, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, chemokine motif ligand-2, C-C chemokine motif receptor 2 pathway inhibitors, methotrexate, IL-1 pathway inhibitor and RAS inhibitors(angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)], Ang Ⅱ receptor blockers and ranin inhibitors may slow inflammatory processes and disease progression. Several studies in human using anti-inflammatory agents and RAS inhibitors revealed vascular benefits and reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable angina pectoris; decreased vascular inflammatory markers, improved common carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume in patients with diagnosed atherosclerosis. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of vitamin D analogs paricalcitol in Apo E-deficient atherosclerotic mice.
文摘AIM:To assess risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) and to develop preventive measures.METHODS:This retrospective study was performed in a tertiary referral center.A total of 328 patients underwent ESD for 398 gastric neoplasms between July 2007 and June 2009.The main outcome was association between post-ESD bleeding and the following:age;sex;comorbidities;daily use of medicine potentially related to gastric injury/bleeding;location,size,and histological depth of lesions;ulceration;experience of operator coagulating the ulcer floor,and duration of operation.We also determined the relationship between the location of post-ESD bleeding and risk factors for hemorrhage.RESULTS:Univariate analysis revealed significant risk factors:tumor location [odds ratio(OR),2.86;95% CI:1.21-6.79,P=0.024],coagulator experience(OR,4.29;95% CI:1.43-12.86,P=0.009),and medicine potentially related to gastric injury/bleeding(OR,2.80;95% CI:1.14-6.90,P=0.039).Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed significant,independent risk factors:tumor in lower third of stomach(OR,2.47;95% CI:1.02-5.96,P=0.044),beginner coagulator(OR,3.93;95% CI:1.29-11.9,P=0.016),and medicine(OR,2.76;95% CI:1.09-6.98,P=0.032).We classif ied cases of post-ESD bleeding into two groups(bleeding at the ulcer margin vs bleeding at the center) and found that bleeding at the margin occurred more frequently with beginner coagulators compared with experts(OR,16.00;95% CI:1.22-210.59,P=0.040).CONCLUSION:Beginner coagulators,tumor in the antrum,and medicines were significant risk factors for post-ESD bleeding.Bleeding at the ulcer margin frequently occurred with beginner operators.
