Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spec...Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spectrum forms of resistance, and all kinds of resistances are controlled by extremely diverse genes called ＂R- genes＂. R-genes follow different mechanisms to defend plants and PAMP-induced defenses in susceptible host plants are referred to as basal resistance. Genetic and phenotypic diversity are vital in maize （Zea mays L.）; as such, genome wide association study （GWAS） along with certain other methodologies can explore the maximum means of genetic diversity. Exploring the complete genetic archi- tecture to manipulate maize genetically reduces the losses from hazardous diseases. Genomic studies can reveal the interaction be- tween different genes and their pathways. By confirming the specific role of these genes and protein-protein interaction （proteomics） via advanced molecular and bioinformatics tools, we can shed a light on the most complicated and abstruse phenomena of resistance.展开更多
Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standard-ized principles of species recognition,at least in a given taxonomic group.However,in fungi,spe...Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standard-ized principles of species recognition,at least in a given taxonomic group.However,in fungi,species delimitation is fre-quently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist.Contrary to it,identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology.The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Tricho-derma(Hypocreales)offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification.A few decades ago,Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species.The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy,with up to 50 new species recognized per year.Here,we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases(the inventory is available at the website of the Interna-tional Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichoderma www.trich oderm a.info).Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020,361(96%)have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded.Thus,we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes(ITS,tef1,and rpb2),and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trich okey.info.We then used all the whole-genome sequenced(WGS)Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification,reveal short-comings,and discuss possible ambiguities.Based on the Trichoderma example,this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology,molecular biological skills,trainin展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31161140347)
文摘Diseases are a potential threat to global food security but plants have evolved an extensive array of methodologies to cope with the invading pathogens. Non-host resistance and quantitative re- sistance are broad spectrum forms of resistance, and all kinds of resistances are controlled by extremely diverse genes called ＂R- genes＂. R-genes follow different mechanisms to defend plants and PAMP-induced defenses in susceptible host plants are referred to as basal resistance. Genetic and phenotypic diversity are vital in maize （Zea mays L.）; as such, genome wide association study （GWAS） along with certain other methodologies can explore the maximum means of genetic diversity. Exploring the complete genetic archi- tecture to manipulate maize genetically reduces the losses from hazardous diseases. Genomic studies can reveal the interaction be- tween different genes and their pathways. By confirming the specific role of these genes and protein-protein interaction （proteomics） via advanced molecular and bioinformatics tools, we can shed a light on the most complicated and abstruse phenomena of resistance.
基金the grants from the National Science Foundation of China(31801939)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYXK202012).
文摘Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standard-ized principles of species recognition,at least in a given taxonomic group.However,in fungi,species delimitation is fre-quently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist.Contrary to it,identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology.The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Tricho-derma(Hypocreales)offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification.A few decades ago,Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species.The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy,with up to 50 new species recognized per year.Here,we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases(the inventory is available at the website of the Interna-tional Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichoderma www.trich oderm a.info).Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020,361(96%)have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded.Thus,we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes(ITS,tef1,and rpb2),and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trich okey.info.We then used all the whole-genome sequenced(WGS)Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification,reveal short-comings,and discuss possible ambiguities.Based on the Trichoderma example,this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology,molecular biological skills,trainin
