Rifaximin is a broad spectrum oral antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It is poorly absorbed and thus has a highly favorable safety profile. R...Rifaximin is a broad spectrum oral antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It is poorly absorbed and thus has a highly favorable safety profile. Rifaximin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of traveler’s diarrhea, functional bloating and irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and in the prevention of recurrent overt hepatic encephalopathy. In addition, there is emerging evidence for a possible beneficial effect of rifaximin in the treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease and in the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis. The use of rifaximin is associated with a low incidence of development, or persistence of spontaneous bacterial mutants. Moreover, the development of important drug resistance among extra-intestinal flora during rifaximin therapy is unlikely because of minimal systemic absorption and limited cross-resistance of rifaximin with other antimicrobials. This review addresses the current and emerging role of rifaximin in the treatment of gastrointestinal and liver disorders.展开更多
Composition and abundance of submerged marine litter at one selected site within a coral reef area along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba has been estimated. The litter was collected in a clean up voluntarily ...Composition and abundance of submerged marine litter at one selected site within a coral reef area along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba has been estimated. The litter was collected in a clean up voluntarily campaigns that took place in the period 19 September 2006. A total of 14613 items weighing 4112.2 kg were collected during the survey. Mean litter density in the individual sampling sites varied between about 1 and 6 items/m2 with an over all mean density of 2 items/m2. The mean weight of the collected items per sampling site varied between 0.06 and 1.81 kg/m2 with an overall mean of 0.85 kg/m2. Cans accounted for 41% of the collected items, plastic was the second most popular (38%) while glass litter was the third most abundant item (17%). By comparison, other items formed only 4% of the total items collected during the campaigns. Approximately 46% of the plastic litter consisted of fragments followed by bottles bags and containers (18%). Potential sources are pointed out and recommendations and actions to deal with the problem are suggested.展开更多
1 Introduction The Haidou-1 Autonomous and Remotely-operated Vehicle(hereinafter referred to as Haidou-1)(Fig.1)has been developed to address the significant demands for core key technologies and equipment in China’s...1 Introduction The Haidou-1 Autonomous and Remotely-operated Vehicle(hereinafter referred to as Haidou-1)(Fig.1)has been developed to address the significant demands for core key technologies and equipment in China’s deep and distant seas.The vehicle is capable of covering all global ocean depths up to a maximum of 11000 meters.Full-ocean-depth underwater vehicles represent one of the highest technological and capability benchmarks in current international marine science research.展开更多
Herein, we present the results of our experimental investigation of splashes formed by a frog diving into water from the ground or from a leaf and the accompanying sound generated by the impact of the frog on the wate...Herein, we present the results of our experimental investigation of splashes formed by a frog diving into water from the ground or from a leaf and the accompanying sound generated by the impact of the frog on the water. The experiments are performed by visualizing the flow with a high-speed camera. In addition, we used physical models comprising hydrophilic bodies made from hydrogel or acrylic resin to experimentally study how hydrophilicity affects the splash. In these experiments, we use the degree of swelling to define the hydrophilicity degree. The results show that different splashes are caused by the increase in water-film velocity upon an increase in hydrophilicity. For a body with strong hydrophilicity, at a relatively high film velocity, the water film forms when the body impacts the water surface separates from the body surface. In addition, an aircavity forms when the film separates from the body. We empirically examine the relation between the hydrophilicity degree and film velocity. The results indicate that increased hydrophilicity does not reduce the splash. Therefore, we conclude that reducing of the formation of water from the biomimetic point of view is related to the shape of body.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Human activity in wilderness areas has increased globally in recent decades, leading to increased risk of injury and illness. Wilderness medicine has developed in response to both need and interest.METHODS...BACKGROUND: Human activity in wilderness areas has increased globally in recent decades, leading to increased risk of injury and illness. Wilderness medicine has developed in response to both need and interest.METHODS: The field of wilderness medicine encompasses many areas of interest. Some focus on special circumstances(such as avalanches) while others have a broader scope(such as trauma care). Several core areas of key interest within wilderness medicine are discussed in this study.RESULTS: Wilderness medicine is characterized by remote and improvised care of patients with routine or exotic illnesses or trauma, limited resources and manpower, and delayed evacuation to definitive care. Wilderness medicine is developing rapidly and draws from the breadth of medical and surgical subspecialties as well as the technical fields of mountaineering, climbing, and diving. Research, epidemiology, and evidence-based guidelines are evolving. A hallmark of this field is injury prevention and risk mitigation. The range of topics encompasses high-altitude cerebral edema, decompression sickness, snake envenomation, lightning injury, extremity trauma, and gastroenteritis. Several professional societies, academic fellowships, and training organizations offer education and resources for laypeople and health care professionals.CONCLUSIONS: The future of wilderness medicine is unfolding on multiple fronts: education, research, training, technology, communications, and environment. Although wilderness medicine research is technically difficult to perform, it is essential to deepening our understanding of the contribution of specific techniques in achieving improvements in clinical outcomes.展开更多
Based on our preceding studies on the aerodynamics of a falcoperegrinus in diving flight along a vertical dam it is known that even when the body shape of the bird is rather streamlined in V-shape some feathers tips m...Based on our preceding studies on the aerodynamics of a falcoperegrinus in diving flight along a vertical dam it is known that even when the body shape of the bird is rather streamlined in V-shape some feathers tips may elevate in certain regions of the body. These regions were identified in wind tunnel tests for typical diving flight conditions as regions of locally separated flow. A life-size model in V-shape of a falcoperegrinus with artificial feathers fixed along the body was studied in a wind tunnel to focus on the fluid-structure interaction of feathers located in this sector. The distal ends of the feathers show flow-induced vibrations at typical flight conditions which grow linear in amplitude with increasing angle of incidence until incipient separation. In light of the proven existence of vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors in the follicles of secondary feathers in birds it is hypothesized that this linear amplitude response offers the bird to sense the angle of incidence during the diving flight using the vibration magnitude as sensory stimulus. Thus the bird in streamlined shape has still a good measure to control its attitude to be in the narrow window of safe angle of incidence. This might have implications also for other birds or technical applications of airfoil sensors regarding incipient separation detection.展开更多
A subsea wellhead equipped with obsolete vertical Christmas tree needs to be suspended for subsea tree recovery and subsequently to be permanently abandoned. Due to obsolete Christmas tree design combined with tubing ...A subsea wellhead equipped with obsolete vertical Christmas tree needs to be suspended for subsea tree recovery and subsequently to be permanently abandoned. Due to obsolete Christmas tree design combined with tubing inaccessibility issue,conventional subsea intervention method for setting downhole mechanical plug barriers with a semisubmersible rig or a riserless light well intervention vessel is not feasible to suspend the well. Attempt was made to suspend the well from a riserless light well intervention vessel by setting tubing mechanical plugs in 2017,but the mandrel of the tree running tool (TRT) was sheared off accidently while landing the TRT&subsea intervention lubricator (SIL) on the subsea tree. Due to resin’s superior mechanical and rheological properties,resin was evaluated as a well suspension material to create a suspension barrier. Resin plug was deployed successfully from a dive support vessel (DSV) across the perforations to allow the tree removal at cost effective manner. Resin plugging demonstrates a new approach at well P&A area.展开更多
Aim To present an adaptive missile control system adaped to the external disturbance and the mobility of target movement. Methods Model reference adaptive control (MRAC) was applied and modified in the light of the ...Aim To present an adaptive missile control system adaped to the external disturbance and the mobility of target movement. Methods Model reference adaptive control (MRAC) was applied and modified in the light of the traits of the anti tank missile. Results Simulation results demonstrated this control system satisfied the requirement of anti tank missile of dive overhead attack. Conclusion It is successful to use MRAC in missile control system design, the quality is better than that designed by classical control theory.展开更多
文摘Rifaximin is a broad spectrum oral antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. It is poorly absorbed and thus has a highly favorable safety profile. Rifaximin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of traveler’s diarrhea, functional bloating and irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and in the prevention of recurrent overt hepatic encephalopathy. In addition, there is emerging evidence for a possible beneficial effect of rifaximin in the treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease and in the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis. The use of rifaximin is associated with a low incidence of development, or persistence of spontaneous bacterial mutants. Moreover, the development of important drug resistance among extra-intestinal flora during rifaximin therapy is unlikely because of minimal systemic absorption and limited cross-resistance of rifaximin with other antimicrobials. This review addresses the current and emerging role of rifaximin in the treatment of gastrointestinal and liver disorders.
文摘Composition and abundance of submerged marine litter at one selected site within a coral reef area along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba has been estimated. The litter was collected in a clean up voluntarily campaigns that took place in the period 19 September 2006. A total of 14613 items weighing 4112.2 kg were collected during the survey. Mean litter density in the individual sampling sites varied between about 1 and 6 items/m2 with an over all mean density of 2 items/m2. The mean weight of the collected items per sampling site varied between 0.06 and 1.81 kg/m2 with an overall mean of 0.85 kg/m2. Cans accounted for 41% of the collected items, plastic was the second most popular (38%) while glass litter was the third most abundant item (17%). By comparison, other items formed only 4% of the total items collected during the campaigns. Approximately 46% of the plastic litter consisted of fragments followed by bottles bags and containers (18%). Potential sources are pointed out and recommendations and actions to deal with the problem are suggested.
文摘1 Introduction The Haidou-1 Autonomous and Remotely-operated Vehicle(hereinafter referred to as Haidou-1)(Fig.1)has been developed to address the significant demands for core key technologies and equipment in China’s deep and distant seas.The vehicle is capable of covering all global ocean depths up to a maximum of 11000 meters.Full-ocean-depth underwater vehicles represent one of the highest technological and capability benchmarks in current international marine science research.
文摘Herein, we present the results of our experimental investigation of splashes formed by a frog diving into water from the ground or from a leaf and the accompanying sound generated by the impact of the frog on the water. The experiments are performed by visualizing the flow with a high-speed camera. In addition, we used physical models comprising hydrophilic bodies made from hydrogel or acrylic resin to experimentally study how hydrophilicity affects the splash. In these experiments, we use the degree of swelling to define the hydrophilicity degree. The results show that different splashes are caused by the increase in water-film velocity upon an increase in hydrophilicity. For a body with strong hydrophilicity, at a relatively high film velocity, the water film forms when the body impacts the water surface separates from the body surface. In addition, an aircavity forms when the film separates from the body. We empirically examine the relation between the hydrophilicity degree and film velocity. The results indicate that increased hydrophilicity does not reduce the splash. Therefore, we conclude that reducing of the formation of water from the biomimetic point of view is related to the shape of body.
文摘BACKGROUND: Human activity in wilderness areas has increased globally in recent decades, leading to increased risk of injury and illness. Wilderness medicine has developed in response to both need and interest.METHODS: The field of wilderness medicine encompasses many areas of interest. Some focus on special circumstances(such as avalanches) while others have a broader scope(such as trauma care). Several core areas of key interest within wilderness medicine are discussed in this study.RESULTS: Wilderness medicine is characterized by remote and improvised care of patients with routine or exotic illnesses or trauma, limited resources and manpower, and delayed evacuation to definitive care. Wilderness medicine is developing rapidly and draws from the breadth of medical and surgical subspecialties as well as the technical fields of mountaineering, climbing, and diving. Research, epidemiology, and evidence-based guidelines are evolving. A hallmark of this field is injury prevention and risk mitigation. The range of topics encompasses high-altitude cerebral edema, decompression sickness, snake envenomation, lightning injury, extremity trauma, and gastroenteritis. Several professional societies, academic fellowships, and training organizations offer education and resources for laypeople and health care professionals.CONCLUSIONS: The future of wilderness medicine is unfolding on multiple fronts: education, research, training, technology, communications, and environment. Although wilderness medicine research is technically difficult to perform, it is essential to deepening our understanding of the contribution of specific techniques in achieving improvements in clinical outcomes.
文摘Based on our preceding studies on the aerodynamics of a falcoperegrinus in diving flight along a vertical dam it is known that even when the body shape of the bird is rather streamlined in V-shape some feathers tips may elevate in certain regions of the body. These regions were identified in wind tunnel tests for typical diving flight conditions as regions of locally separated flow. A life-size model in V-shape of a falcoperegrinus with artificial feathers fixed along the body was studied in a wind tunnel to focus on the fluid-structure interaction of feathers located in this sector. The distal ends of the feathers show flow-induced vibrations at typical flight conditions which grow linear in amplitude with increasing angle of incidence until incipient separation. In light of the proven existence of vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors in the follicles of secondary feathers in birds it is hypothesized that this linear amplitude response offers the bird to sense the angle of incidence during the diving flight using the vibration magnitude as sensory stimulus. Thus the bird in streamlined shape has still a good measure to control its attitude to be in the narrow window of safe angle of incidence. This might have implications also for other birds or technical applications of airfoil sensors regarding incipient separation detection.
文摘A subsea wellhead equipped with obsolete vertical Christmas tree needs to be suspended for subsea tree recovery and subsequently to be permanently abandoned. Due to obsolete Christmas tree design combined with tubing inaccessibility issue,conventional subsea intervention method for setting downhole mechanical plug barriers with a semisubmersible rig or a riserless light well intervention vessel is not feasible to suspend the well. Attempt was made to suspend the well from a riserless light well intervention vessel by setting tubing mechanical plugs in 2017,but the mandrel of the tree running tool (TRT) was sheared off accidently while landing the TRT&subsea intervention lubricator (SIL) on the subsea tree. Due to resin’s superior mechanical and rheological properties,resin was evaluated as a well suspension material to create a suspension barrier. Resin plug was deployed successfully from a dive support vessel (DSV) across the perforations to allow the tree removal at cost effective manner. Resin plugging demonstrates a new approach at well P&A area.
文摘Aim To present an adaptive missile control system adaped to the external disturbance and the mobility of target movement. Methods Model reference adaptive control (MRAC) was applied and modified in the light of the traits of the anti tank missile. Results Simulation results demonstrated this control system satisfied the requirement of anti tank missile of dive overhead attack. Conclusion It is successful to use MRAC in missile control system design, the quality is better than that designed by classical control theory.
