The cephalopod beak is a vital hard structure with a stable configuration and has been widely used for the identification of cephalopod species. This study was conducted to determine the best standardization method fo...The cephalopod beak is a vital hard structure with a stable configuration and has been widely used for the identification of cephalopod species. This study was conducted to determine the best standardization method for identifying different species by measuring 12 morphological variables of the beaks of Illex argentinus, Ommastrephes bartramii, and Dosidicus gigas that were collected by Chinese jigging vessels. To remove the effects of size, these morphometric variables were standardized using three methods. The average ratios of the upper beak morphological variables and upper crest length of O. bartramii and D. gigas were found to be greater than those of I. argentinus. However, for lower beaks, only the average of LRL(lower rostrum length)/LCL(lower crest length), LRW(lower rostrum width)/LCL, and LLWL(lower lateral wall length)/LCL of O. bartramii and D. gigas were greater than those of I. argentinus. The ratios of beak morphological variables and crest length were found to be all significantly different among the three species(P < 0.001). Among the three standardization methods, the correct classification rate of stepwise discriminant analysis(SDA) was the highest using the ratios of beak morphological variables and crest length. Compared with hood length, the correct classification rate was slightly higher when using beak variables standardized by crest length using an allometric model. The correct classification rate of the lower beak was also found to be greater than that of the upper beak. This study indicates that the ratios of beak morphological variables to crest length could be used for interspecies and intraspecies identification. Meanwhile, the lower beak variables were found to be more effective than upper beak variables in classifying beaks found in the stomachs of predators.展开更多
In the processes of discrimination between oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases,Behar and Pinzgofer et al.'s results were adopted in the former researches,in which the ratio of C2/C3 is basically a constant...In the processes of discrimination between oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases,Behar and Pinzgofer et al.'s results were adopted in the former researches,in which the ratio of C2/C3 is basically a constant while the ratio of C1/C2 gradually increases in the course of primary cracking of kerogen. Otherwise in the course of secondary cracking of oil,the ratio of C2/C3 increases rapidly while C1/C2 keeps relatively stable. Our study on analogue experiment shows that,whether it is oil or kerogen,in its process of gas generating by cracking,the ratios of C2/C3,C1/C2 or C1/C3 will all be increased with the growth of thermal conditions. In comparison,the ratio of C2/C3,which is affected by genetic type to some comparatively less extent,mainly responds to the maturity of gases,while the value of C2/C3 is about 2,and that of C2/iC4 is about 10,and the corresponding value of Ro is about 1.5%―1.6%. The influence of gas source on C2/C3 is less than that of gas maturity,otherwise C1/C2(or C1/C3) is obviously affected by cracking matrices. The ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3 of oil-cracked gases are less than that of kerogen-cracked gases,under the condition that the ratios of C2/C3 are similar in value,so are the value of dryness indexes. There exists wide diffidence between this view and the former discrimination method in theory. The analysis of the spot sample indicates that we can apply the above basic view to dealing efficiently with the problem of the discrimination between oil-cracked gas and kerogen-cracked gas.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41306127 and 41276156)the National Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.13ZR1419700)+3 种基金the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.13YZ091)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(Fisheries Discipline)supported by Shanghai Ocean University(SHOU)International Center for Marine StudiesShanghai Visiting 1000 Talent Program
文摘The cephalopod beak is a vital hard structure with a stable configuration and has been widely used for the identification of cephalopod species. This study was conducted to determine the best standardization method for identifying different species by measuring 12 morphological variables of the beaks of Illex argentinus, Ommastrephes bartramii, and Dosidicus gigas that were collected by Chinese jigging vessels. To remove the effects of size, these morphometric variables were standardized using three methods. The average ratios of the upper beak morphological variables and upper crest length of O. bartramii and D. gigas were found to be greater than those of I. argentinus. However, for lower beaks, only the average of LRL(lower rostrum length)/LCL(lower crest length), LRW(lower rostrum width)/LCL, and LLWL(lower lateral wall length)/LCL of O. bartramii and D. gigas were greater than those of I. argentinus. The ratios of beak morphological variables and crest length were found to be all significantly different among the three species(P < 0.001). Among the three standardization methods, the correct classification rate of stepwise discriminant analysis(SDA) was the highest using the ratios of beak morphological variables and crest length. Compared with hood length, the correct classification rate was slightly higher when using beak variables standardized by crest length using an allometric model. The correct classification rate of the lower beak was also found to be greater than that of the upper beak. This study indicates that the ratios of beak morphological variables to crest length could be used for interspecies and intraspecies identification. Meanwhile, the lower beak variables were found to be more effective than upper beak variables in classifying beaks found in the stomachs of predators.
基金Supported by the National Key Science and Technology Program of China during the 10th Five-Year Plan Period (Grant No. 2004BA616A02-01-01-03)
文摘In the processes of discrimination between oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases,Behar and Pinzgofer et al.'s results were adopted in the former researches,in which the ratio of C2/C3 is basically a constant while the ratio of C1/C2 gradually increases in the course of primary cracking of kerogen. Otherwise in the course of secondary cracking of oil,the ratio of C2/C3 increases rapidly while C1/C2 keeps relatively stable. Our study on analogue experiment shows that,whether it is oil or kerogen,in its process of gas generating by cracking,the ratios of C2/C3,C1/C2 or C1/C3 will all be increased with the growth of thermal conditions. In comparison,the ratio of C2/C3,which is affected by genetic type to some comparatively less extent,mainly responds to the maturity of gases,while the value of C2/C3 is about 2,and that of C2/iC4 is about 10,and the corresponding value of Ro is about 1.5%―1.6%. The influence of gas source on C2/C3 is less than that of gas maturity,otherwise C1/C2(or C1/C3) is obviously affected by cracking matrices. The ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3 of oil-cracked gases are less than that of kerogen-cracked gases,under the condition that the ratios of C2/C3 are similar in value,so are the value of dryness indexes. There exists wide diffidence between this view and the former discrimination method in theory. The analysis of the spot sample indicates that we can apply the above basic view to dealing efficiently with the problem of the discrimination between oil-cracked gas and kerogen-cracked gas.
