Could a causal discontinuity lead to an explanation of fluctuations in the CMBR radiation spectrum? Is this argument valid if there is some third choice of set structure (for instance do self-referential sets fall int...Could a causal discontinuity lead to an explanation of fluctuations in the CMBR radiation spectrum? Is this argument valid if there is some third choice of set structure (for instance do self-referential sets fall into one category or another)? The answer to this question may lie in (entangled) vortex structure of space time, along the lines of structure similar to that generate in the laboratory by Ruutu. Self-referential sets may be part of the generated vortex structure, and we will endeavor to find if this can be experimentally investigated. If the causal set argument and its violation via this procedure holds, we have the view that what we see a space time “drum” effect with the causal discontinuity forming the head of a “drum” for a region of about 10<sup>10</sup> bits of “information” before our present universe up to the instant of the big bang itself for a time region less than t~10<sup>-44 </sup>seconds in duration, with a region of increasing bits of “information” going up to 10<sup>120</sup> due to vortex filament condensed matter style forming through a symmetry breaking phase transition. We address the issue of what this has to do with Bicep 2, the question of scalar-tensor gravity versus general relativity, how to avoid the detection of dust generated Gravity wave signals as what ruined the Bicep 2 experiment and some issues information flow and causal structure has for our CMBR data as seen in an overall summary of these issues in Appendix X, of this document. Appendix XI mentions how to differentiate between scalar-tensor gravity, and general relativity whereas Appendix XII, discusses how to avoid the Bicep 2 mistake again. While Appendix VIII gives us a simple data for a graviton power burst which we find instructive. We stress again, the importance of obtaining clean data sets so as to help us in the eventual detection of gravitational waves which we regard as decisively important and which we think by 2025 or so which will be an important test to discriminate in a full experim展开更多
The receiver function(RF) technique is an effective method for studying crustal structure. For a single station, the average 1-D crustal structure is usually derived by stacking the radial RFs from all back-azimuths, ...The receiver function(RF) technique is an effective method for studying crustal structure. For a single station, the average 1-D crustal structure is usually derived by stacking the radial RFs from all back-azimuths, whereas structural variations(such as dipping discontinuities or anisotropy) can be constrained through analysis of waveform dependence on the backazimuth of both the radial and tangential RFs. However, it is often difficult to directly extract information about structural variations from the waveform of RF, due to the common presence of noise in real data. In this study, we proposed a new method to derive structural variation information for individual stations by applying principal component analysis(PCA) to RFs sorted by back-azimuth. In this method(termed as RF-PCA), a set of principal components(PCs), which are uncorrelated with each other and reflect different characteristics of the RF data, were extracted and utilized separately to reconstruct new RFs. Synthetic tests show that the first PC of the radial RFs contains the average structural information of the crust beneath the corresponding station, and the second PC of the radial RFs and the first PC of the tangential RFs both reflect the variations of the crustal structure. Our synthetic modeling results indicate that the new RF-PCA method is valid for a variety of synthetic models with intra-crustal dipping discontinuities and/or anisotropy. We applied this method to the real data from a broadband temporary seismic station(s233) in the central part of the Sichuan Basin. The results suggest that the RF data can be best explained by the presence of two nearly parallel dipping discontinuities within the crust. Combining with previous logging data, seismic exploration and deep sounding observations, we interpret the shallow dipping discontinuity as the top boundary of the Precambrian crystalline basement of the Sichuan Basin and the deep one corresponding to the Conrad interface between the upper and lower crust, consistent with the geological f展开更多
In this paper,we carry out an analysis of the structural properties of the solutions to the speed gradient(SG)traffic flow model.Under the condition that the relaxation effect can be neglected,it is shown that a 1-sho...In this paper,we carry out an analysis of the structural properties of the solutions to the speed gradient(SG)traffic flow model.Under the condition that the relaxation effect can be neglected,it is shown that a 1-shock or a 1-rarefaction is associated with the first characteristic,but on the other hand,a contact discontinuity rather than a 2-shock or a 2-rarefaction is associated with the second characteristic.Since the existence of a 2-shock or 2-rarefaction violates the physical mechanism of the traffic flow,the SG model is more reasonable.If the relaxation effect cannot be neglected,it is somewhat difficult to carry out the analytical analysis and the numerical simulation results should be obtained.展开更多
The autbors consider focus structures or structures of central type to be a variety of geodepression (diwa) structures.They are related to the matter-energy evolution of geosphers and control the distribution of usefu...The autbors consider focus structures or structures of central type to be a variety of geodepression (diwa) structures.They are related to the matter-energy evolution of geosphers and control the distribution of useful minerals,including diamond.The authors also have separated out 39 spherical guophysical discontinuities from the bottom of the crust (40km) to the inner core. In the paper diamond deposits have been discussed for Russia,China and Korean Peninsula, and evalution of diamond content has been made for the south of the Far East.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the initial-boundary value problem of a nonlinear conservation law in the half space R+= {x |x > 0} where a>0 , u(x,t) is an unknown function of x ∈ R+ and t>0 , u ± , um ar...This paper is concerned with the initial-boundary value problem of a nonlinear conservation law in the half space R+= {x |x > 0} where a>0 , u(x,t) is an unknown function of x ∈ R+ and t>0 , u ± , um are three given constants satisfying um=u+≠u- or um=u-≠u+ , and the flux function f is a given continuous function with a weak discontinuous point ud. The main purpose of our present manuscript is devoted to studying the structure of the global weak entropy solution for the above initial-boundary value problem under the condition of f '-(ud) > f '+(ud). By the characteristic method and the truncation method, we construct the global weak entropy solution of this initial-boundary value problem, and investigate the interaction of elementary waves with the boundary and the boundary behavior of the weak entropy solution.展开更多
We use 146 422 P-wave arrival times from 6 347 local earthquakes recorded by the Southern California SeismicNetwork to determine a detailed three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure at 0～35 km depth. We have takeni...We use 146 422 P-wave arrival times from 6 347 local earthquakes recorded by the Southern California SeismicNetwork to determine a detailed three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure at 0～35 km depth. We have takeninto account the Moho depth variations, which were obtained by seismological methods. Checkerboard tests sug-gest that our inversion results are reliable. Our models provide new information on regional geological structuresof Southern California. At shallow depths P-wave velocity structure correlates with surface geological features andexpresses well variations of surface topography of the mountains and basins. The velocity structure at each layer ischaracterized by block structures bounded by large faults. Ventura Basin, Los Angeles Basin, Mojave Desert, Pen-insular Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada, and Salton Trough show respectively all-round block. SanAndreas Fault becomes an obvious boundary of the region. To its southwest, the velocity is higher, and there arestrong heterogeneity and deeper seismicity; but to its northeast, the velocity is lower and shows less variation thanto the southwest, the seismicity is shallower. To investigate the effect of the Moho geometry we conducted inver-sions for two cases: one for flat Moho geometry, another for a Moho with lateral depth variations. We found thatthe topography of the Moho greatly affects the velocity structure of the middle and lower crust. When the Mohotopography is considered, a more reasonable tomographic result can be obtained and the resulting 3-D velocitymodel fits the data better.展开更多
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to experimentally detect shallow buried faults in urban areas in the past a few years, with some progress and experience obtained. According to the results from Ol...Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to experimentally detect shallow buried faults in urban areas in the past a few years, with some progress and experience obtained. According to the results from Olympic Park, Beijing, Shandong Province, Gansu Province and Shanxi Province, we have generalized the method and procedure for inferring the discontinuity of electrical structures (DES) indicating a buried fault in urban areas from resistivity tomograms and its typical electrical features. In general, the layered feature of the electrical structure is first analyzed to preliminarily define whether or not a DES exists in the target area. Resistivity contours in resistivity tomograms are then analyzed from the deep to the shallow. If they extend upward from the deep to the shallow and shape into an integral dislocation, sharp flexure (convergence) or gradient zone, it is inferred that the DES exists, indicating a buried fault. Finally, horizontal tracing is be carried out to define the trend of the DES. The DES can be divided into three types-type AB, ABA and AC. In the present paper, the Zhangdian-Renhe fault system in Zibo city is used as an example to illustrate how to use the method to infer the location and spatial extension of a target fault. Geologic drilling holes are placed based on our research results, and the drilling logs testify that our results are correct. However, the method of this paper is not exclusive and inflexible. It is expected to provide reference and assistance for inferring the shallow buried faults in urban areas from resistivity tomograms in the future.展开更多
We use broadband records from a dense seismic network deployed in and around the Qaidam Basin in northwestern China to analyze the crustal phases and investigate the depth of the Conrad and Moho discontinuities as wel...We use broadband records from a dense seismic network deployed in and around the Qaidam Basin in northwestern China to analyze the crustal phases and investigate the depth of the Conrad and Moho discontinuities as well as the P-wave velocity.Waveform cross-correlation is used to assist in the identification of the crustal phases and in determining their arrival times.Depth of the Conrad discontinuity is determined by fitting the travel times of Conrad-diffracted P-waves using a two-layer model.The depth of the Conrad discontinuity under the eastern part of the basin is shallower than the western part,which can be attributed to different crustal shortening mechanisms.The upper crust shortening in the western part of the basin leads to thickening of the upper crust,while multiple thrust faults result in the rise of the Conrad discontinuity in the east.These two different mechanisms determine the depth change of the Conrad discontinuity in the basin from the west to the east,which is supported by the results in this study.展开更多
文摘本文使用位于喜马拉雅东构造结地区布置的24个宽频带地震台站记录的远震波形数据,利用P波接收函数的方法研究了台站下方的Moho面深度、泊松比和地壳速度结构.结果表明,东构造结内Moho面深度呈现出自南西向北东方向逐渐变深的趋势,地壳厚度在54~60 km范围内,其中东久一米林走滑断裂带附近Moho面最浅,东构造结周围拉萨地块的Moho面深度在60 km以上.东构造结西部东久一米林走滑断裂带附近地壳泊松比较高.嘉黎断裂带南北两侧的泊松比差别较大,说明该断裂带两侧地壳结构存在显著差异.东构造结周边拉萨地块地壳内普遍存在低速层,分布在20~40 km深度范围内,厚度约为5~15 km.
文摘Could a causal discontinuity lead to an explanation of fluctuations in the CMBR radiation spectrum? Is this argument valid if there is some third choice of set structure (for instance do self-referential sets fall into one category or another)? The answer to this question may lie in (entangled) vortex structure of space time, along the lines of structure similar to that generate in the laboratory by Ruutu. Self-referential sets may be part of the generated vortex structure, and we will endeavor to find if this can be experimentally investigated. If the causal set argument and its violation via this procedure holds, we have the view that what we see a space time “drum” effect with the causal discontinuity forming the head of a “drum” for a region of about 10<sup>10</sup> bits of “information” before our present universe up to the instant of the big bang itself for a time region less than t~10<sup>-44 </sup>seconds in duration, with a region of increasing bits of “information” going up to 10<sup>120</sup> due to vortex filament condensed matter style forming through a symmetry breaking phase transition. We address the issue of what this has to do with Bicep 2, the question of scalar-tensor gravity versus general relativity, how to avoid the detection of dust generated Gravity wave signals as what ruined the Bicep 2 experiment and some issues information flow and causal structure has for our CMBR data as seen in an overall summary of these issues in Appendix X, of this document. Appendix XI mentions how to differentiate between scalar-tensor gravity, and general relativity whereas Appendix XII, discusses how to avoid the Bicep 2 mistake again. While Appendix VIII gives us a simple data for a graviton power burst which we find instructive. We stress again, the importance of obtaining clean data sets so as to help us in the eventual detection of gravitational waves which we regard as decisively important and which we think by 2025 or so which will be an important test to discriminate in a full experim
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41688103)the independent project of the State Key Laboratory of the Lithospheric Evolution, IGGCAS (Grant No. SKL-Z201704-11712180)
文摘The receiver function(RF) technique is an effective method for studying crustal structure. For a single station, the average 1-D crustal structure is usually derived by stacking the radial RFs from all back-azimuths, whereas structural variations(such as dipping discontinuities or anisotropy) can be constrained through analysis of waveform dependence on the backazimuth of both the radial and tangential RFs. However, it is often difficult to directly extract information about structural variations from the waveform of RF, due to the common presence of noise in real data. In this study, we proposed a new method to derive structural variation information for individual stations by applying principal component analysis(PCA) to RFs sorted by back-azimuth. In this method(termed as RF-PCA), a set of principal components(PCs), which are uncorrelated with each other and reflect different characteristics of the RF data, were extracted and utilized separately to reconstruct new RFs. Synthetic tests show that the first PC of the radial RFs contains the average structural information of the crust beneath the corresponding station, and the second PC of the radial RFs and the first PC of the tangential RFs both reflect the variations of the crustal structure. Our synthetic modeling results indicate that the new RF-PCA method is valid for a variety of synthetic models with intra-crustal dipping discontinuities and/or anisotropy. We applied this method to the real data from a broadband temporary seismic station(s233) in the central part of the Sichuan Basin. The results suggest that the RF data can be best explained by the presence of two nearly parallel dipping discontinuities within the crust. Combining with previous logging data, seismic exploration and deep sounding observations, we interpret the shallow dipping discontinuity as the top boundary of the Precambrian crystalline basement of the Sichuan Basin and the deep one corresponding to the Conrad interface between the upper and lower crust, consistent with the geological f
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10272101)
文摘In this paper,we carry out an analysis of the structural properties of the solutions to the speed gradient(SG)traffic flow model.Under the condition that the relaxation effect can be neglected,it is shown that a 1-shock or a 1-rarefaction is associated with the first characteristic,but on the other hand,a contact discontinuity rather than a 2-shock or a 2-rarefaction is associated with the second characteristic.Since the existence of a 2-shock or 2-rarefaction violates the physical mechanism of the traffic flow,the SG model is more reasonable.If the relaxation effect cannot be neglected,it is somewhat difficult to carry out the analytical analysis and the numerical simulation results should be obtained.
文摘The autbors consider focus structures or structures of central type to be a variety of geodepression (diwa) structures.They are related to the matter-energy evolution of geosphers and control the distribution of useful minerals,including diamond.The authors also have separated out 39 spherical guophysical discontinuities from the bottom of the crust (40km) to the inner core. In the paper diamond deposits have been discussed for Russia,China and Korean Peninsula, and evalution of diamond content has been made for the south of the Far East.
文摘This paper is concerned with the initial-boundary value problem of a nonlinear conservation law in the half space R+= {x |x > 0} where a>0 , u(x,t) is an unknown function of x ∈ R+ and t>0 , u ± , um are three given constants satisfying um=u+≠u- or um=u-≠u+ , and the flux function f is a given continuous function with a weak discontinuous point ud. The main purpose of our present manuscript is devoted to studying the structure of the global weak entropy solution for the above initial-boundary value problem under the condition of f '-(ud) > f '+(ud). By the characteristic method and the truncation method, we construct the global weak entropy solution of this initial-boundary value problem, and investigate the interaction of elementary waves with the boundary and the boundary behavior of the weak entropy solution.
基金Japan Society for Promotion of Science，Chinese State Key Program of Basic Research on Mechanisms and Predictions of Strong Continental Earthquakes
文摘We use 146 422 P-wave arrival times from 6 347 local earthquakes recorded by the Southern California SeismicNetwork to determine a detailed three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure at 0～35 km depth. We have takeninto account the Moho depth variations, which were obtained by seismological methods. Checkerboard tests sug-gest that our inversion results are reliable. Our models provide new information on regional geological structuresof Southern California. At shallow depths P-wave velocity structure correlates with surface geological features andexpresses well variations of surface topography of the mountains and basins. The velocity structure at each layer ischaracterized by block structures bounded by large faults. Ventura Basin, Los Angeles Basin, Mojave Desert, Pen-insular Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada, and Salton Trough show respectively all-round block. SanAndreas Fault becomes an obvious boundary of the region. To its southwest, the velocity is higher, and there arestrong heterogeneity and deeper seismicity; but to its northeast, the velocity is lower and shows less variation thanto the southwest, the seismicity is shallower. To investigate the effect of the Moho geometry we conducted inver-sions for two cases: one for flat Moho geometry, another for a Moho with lateral depth variations. We found thatthe topography of the Moho greatly affects the velocity structure of the middle and lower crust. When the Mohotopography is considered, a more reasonable tomographic result can be obtained and the resulting 3-D velocitymodel fits the data better.
基金The project entitled "Urban Active Fault Surveying Project"(143623) funded by the National Development and Roform Commission of China"Active Faults Exploration and Seismic Hazard Assessment in Zibo City"(SD1501) funded by the Department of Science & Technology of Shangdong Province,China
文摘Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to experimentally detect shallow buried faults in urban areas in the past a few years, with some progress and experience obtained. According to the results from Olympic Park, Beijing, Shandong Province, Gansu Province and Shanxi Province, we have generalized the method and procedure for inferring the discontinuity of electrical structures (DES) indicating a buried fault in urban areas from resistivity tomograms and its typical electrical features. In general, the layered feature of the electrical structure is first analyzed to preliminarily define whether or not a DES exists in the target area. Resistivity contours in resistivity tomograms are then analyzed from the deep to the shallow. If they extend upward from the deep to the shallow and shape into an integral dislocation, sharp flexure (convergence) or gradient zone, it is inferred that the DES exists, indicating a buried fault. Finally, horizontal tracing is be carried out to define the trend of the DES. The DES can be divided into three types-type AB, ABA and AC. In the present paper, the Zhangdian-Renhe fault system in Zibo city is used as an example to illustrate how to use the method to infer the location and spatial extension of a target fault. Geologic drilling holes are placed based on our research results, and the drilling logs testify that our results are correct. However, the method of this paper is not exclusive and inflexible. It is expected to provide reference and assistance for inferring the shallow buried faults in urban areas from resistivity tomograms in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 41930103,41674052).
文摘We use broadband records from a dense seismic network deployed in and around the Qaidam Basin in northwestern China to analyze the crustal phases and investigate the depth of the Conrad and Moho discontinuities as well as the P-wave velocity.Waveform cross-correlation is used to assist in the identification of the crustal phases and in determining their arrival times.Depth of the Conrad discontinuity is determined by fitting the travel times of Conrad-diffracted P-waves using a two-layer model.The depth of the Conrad discontinuity under the eastern part of the basin is shallower than the western part,which can be attributed to different crustal shortening mechanisms.The upper crust shortening in the western part of the basin leads to thickening of the upper crust,while multiple thrust faults result in the rise of the Conrad discontinuity in the east.These two different mechanisms determine the depth change of the Conrad discontinuity in the basin from the west to the east,which is supported by the results in this study.
