This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets(21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary...This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets(21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. Diets were formulated, based on corn-soybean meal, with different protein sources(fish meal and soy protein concentrate) to provide different dietary CP levels. Piglets within 5 dietary treatments were fed diets as follows, respectively: 1) control diet of 17% CP(control); 2) 19% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19); 3) fish meal(FM19); 4) 23.7% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23); 5) fish meal(FM23). The results showed that piglets from control group had higher ADG and lower incidence of diarrhea compared with those of other groups(P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea of piglets in FM19 group was lower than those from SPC23 group and FM23 group(P < 0.05). With the higher CP levels, villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio of piglets in the duodenum and jejunum were decreased(P < 0.05), but crypt depth was increased(P < 0.05). Comparing control group and other groups, we found the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) were increased(P < 0.05) in the jejunum and colon of piglets, as did cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators(CFTR) in the distal colon. The relative transcript abundance of Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in the jejunum, and occludin in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed 23.7% CP diets were reduced compared with those fed control diet(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 17% CP diet without in-feed antibiotics helped improve growth performance and relief of diarrhea of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets. Dietary CP level, rather than its source(either fish meal or soy protein concentrate), has more significant impacts on the growth performance and intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets when fed antibiotics-free diets.展开更多
Background:This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance,carcass characteristics and nitr...Background:This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance,carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs.Forty-two barrows(25.00±0.39 kg)were randomly assigned to 7 diets.Diet 1:the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids(EAAs).Diet 2:the medium crude protein diet with 2%(approx)decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.Diet 3:the low crude protein diet with 4%decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.The protein levels of Diet 4,5,6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3.Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine(Lys),methionine(Met),threonine(Thr)and tryptophan(Trp);Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine(Ile)or valine(Val),respectively;Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile+Val.Results:Over the 112 days trial,the reduction of dietary protein by 2%or 4%with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion(P<0.05),but had no effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics(P>0.05).In low protein diet,Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase(P<0.05),while Ile supplementation at 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain(P<0.05).No effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on carcass characteristics was observed(P>0.05).The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys,Met,Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile,or Val,or Ile+Val diets.Conclusion:In low protein diet,Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage(25–50 kg),while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage(75–125 kg).展开更多
At present, substantial amounts of low-cost, fibrous co-products are incorporated into pig diets to reduce the cost of raising swine. However, diets that are rich in fiber are of low nutritive value because pigs canno...At present, substantial amounts of low-cost, fibrous co-products are incorporated into pig diets to reduce the cost of raising swine. However, diets that are rich in fiber are of low nutritive value because pigs cannot degrade dietary fiber. In addition, high-fiber diets have been associated with reduced nutrient utilization and pig performance. However, recent reports are often contradictory and the negative effects of high-fiber diets are influenced by the fiber source, type, and inclusion level. In addition, the effects of dietary fiber on pig growth and physiological responses are often confounded by the many analytical methods that are used to measure dietary fiber and its components. Several strategies have been employed to ameliorate the negative effects associated with the ingestion of high-fiber diets in pigs and to improve the nutritive value of such diets. Exogenous fiber-degrading enzymes are widely used to improve nutrient utilization and pig performance. However, the results of research reports have not been consistent and there is a need to elucidate the mode of action of exogenous enzymes on the metabolic and physiological responses in pigs that are fed high-fiber diets. On the other hand, dietary fiber is increasingly used as a means of promoting pig gut health and gestating sow welfare. In this review, dietary fiber and its effects on pig nutrition, gut physiology, and sow welfare are discussed. In addition, areas that need further research are suggested to gain more insight into dietary fiber and into the use of exogenous enzymes to improve the utilization of high-fiber diets by oils.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effects of the modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction(加味苓桂术甘汤) combined with short-term very low calorie diets(VLCDs) on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) p...Objective:To evaluate the effects of the modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction(加味苓桂术甘汤) combined with short-term very low calorie diets(VLCDs) on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients.Methods:A total of 20 subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM were treated with the modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction(one-month administration) combined with short-term VLCDs(5 days),and 3-months follow-up.A standard 75-g oral-glucose-tolerance test(OGTT) indexes fasting plasma glucose(FPG),post-prandial 0.5 h and 2 h plasma glucose(P0.5hPG,P2hPG),glycated hemoglobin A1C(GHbA1C),body weight,body mass index(BMI),insulin function,insulin resistance index,incidence of hypoglycemia,and the liver and renal functions were evaluated before and after treatment.Correlations of BMI with insulin function and insulin resistance were also assessed.Results:After the treatment,the patients' plasma glucose decreased steadily,FPG decreased from 5.8±0.9 mmol/L at pre-treatment to 5.0±0.6 mmol/L at 3-months follow-up(P<0.05),and P2hPG decreased from 11.7±3.8 mmol/L at pre-treatment to 6.9±0.9 mmol/L at 3-months follow-up(P<0.01).The level of GHbA1C declined from(6.47±1.24)% at pre-treatment to(6.14±0.99)% at 3-months follow-up(P<0.01).Body weight and BMI also declined significantly.Insulin resistance index was improved obviously and no event of hypoglycemia occurred.Part of the patients companied with fatty liver had a transient increase in hepatic transaminase during the treatment,but it turned to normal after the treatment.Conclusions:The modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction combined with short-term VLCDs can be safely implemented for steady glycemic control in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.展开更多
基金financially supported by China Agriculture Research System (CARS-36) (2013B060400039 to 2011A020102009)National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127301, and 2013CB127304)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2013B060400039,2013A061401020)Special Program for Guangdong Research Institutions' Innovation and Construction(2012B060600005)
文摘This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets(21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. Diets were formulated, based on corn-soybean meal, with different protein sources(fish meal and soy protein concentrate) to provide different dietary CP levels. Piglets within 5 dietary treatments were fed diets as follows, respectively: 1) control diet of 17% CP(control); 2) 19% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19); 3) fish meal(FM19); 4) 23.7% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23); 5) fish meal(FM23). The results showed that piglets from control group had higher ADG and lower incidence of diarrhea compared with those of other groups(P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea of piglets in FM19 group was lower than those from SPC23 group and FM23 group(P < 0.05). With the higher CP levels, villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio of piglets in the duodenum and jejunum were decreased(P < 0.05), but crypt depth was increased(P < 0.05). Comparing control group and other groups, we found the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) were increased(P < 0.05) in the jejunum and colon of piglets, as did cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators(CFTR) in the distal colon. The relative transcript abundance of Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in the jejunum, and occludin in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed 23.7% CP diets were reduced compared with those fed control diet(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 17% CP diet without in-feed antibiotics helped improve growth performance and relief of diarrhea of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets. Dietary CP level, rather than its source(either fish meal or soy protein concentrate), has more significant impacts on the growth performance and intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets when fed antibiotics-free diets.
基金supported by the Grant from the Science and Technology Support Program of Sichuan Province(2015NZ0042,2016NZ006)National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0500605).
文摘Background:This study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on the growth performance,carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in growing-finishing pigs.Forty-two barrows(25.00±0.39 kg)were randomly assigned to 7 diets.Diet 1:the high crude protein diet with balanced for 10 essential amino acids(EAAs).Diet 2:the medium crude protein diet with 2%(approx)decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.Diet 3:the low crude protein diet with 4%decreased protein level of Diet 1 and balanced 10 EAAs.The protein levels of Diet 4,5,6 and 7 were the same as that of Diet 3.Diet 4 was only balanced for lysine(Lys),methionine(Met),threonine(Thr)and tryptophan(Trp);Diet 5 and 6 were further supplemented with extra isoleucine(Ile)or valine(Val),respectively;Diet 7 was further supplemented with extra Ile+Val.Results:Over the 112 days trial,the reduction of dietary protein by 2%or 4%with balanced10 EAAs significantly decreased nitrogen excretion(P<0.05),but had no effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics(P>0.05).In low protein diet,Val supplementation significantly increased body weight gain at 25–50 kg phase(P<0.05),while Ile supplementation at 75–100 kg phase and 100–125 kg phase significantly reduced the ratio of feed to gain(P<0.05).No effect of different dietary protein levels and amino acids supplementation patterns in low protein diets on carcass characteristics was observed(P>0.05).The total N excretion of pigs supplemented with only Lys,Met,Thr and Trp was numerically higher than that of pigs fed with extra Ile,or Val,or Ile+Val diets.Conclusion:In low protein diet,Val is more required than Ile in the early growing phage(25–50 kg),while Ile becomes more required in the late growing and finishing phage(75–125 kg).
文摘At present, substantial amounts of low-cost, fibrous co-products are incorporated into pig diets to reduce the cost of raising swine. However, diets that are rich in fiber are of low nutritive value because pigs cannot degrade dietary fiber. In addition, high-fiber diets have been associated with reduced nutrient utilization and pig performance. However, recent reports are often contradictory and the negative effects of high-fiber diets are influenced by the fiber source, type, and inclusion level. In addition, the effects of dietary fiber on pig growth and physiological responses are often confounded by the many analytical methods that are used to measure dietary fiber and its components. Several strategies have been employed to ameliorate the negative effects associated with the ingestion of high-fiber diets in pigs and to improve the nutritive value of such diets. Exogenous fiber-degrading enzymes are widely used to improve nutrient utilization and pig performance. However, the results of research reports have not been consistent and there is a need to elucidate the mode of action of exogenous enzymes on the metabolic and physiological responses in pigs that are fed high-fiber diets. On the other hand, dietary fiber is increasingly used as a means of promoting pig gut health and gestating sow welfare. In this review, dietary fiber and its effects on pig nutrition, gut physiology, and sow welfare are discussed. In addition, areas that need further research are suggested to gain more insight into dietary fiber and into the use of exogenous enzymes to improve the utilization of high-fiber diets by oils.
基金supported by International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2009B050700022)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effects of the modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction(加味苓桂术甘汤) combined with short-term very low calorie diets(VLCDs) on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients.Methods:A total of 20 subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM were treated with the modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction(one-month administration) combined with short-term VLCDs(5 days),and 3-months follow-up.A standard 75-g oral-glucose-tolerance test(OGTT) indexes fasting plasma glucose(FPG),post-prandial 0.5 h and 2 h plasma glucose(P0.5hPG,P2hPG),glycated hemoglobin A1C(GHbA1C),body weight,body mass index(BMI),insulin function,insulin resistance index,incidence of hypoglycemia,and the liver and renal functions were evaluated before and after treatment.Correlations of BMI with insulin function and insulin resistance were also assessed.Results:After the treatment,the patients' plasma glucose decreased steadily,FPG decreased from 5.8±0.9 mmol/L at pre-treatment to 5.0±0.6 mmol/L at 3-months follow-up(P<0.05),and P2hPG decreased from 11.7±3.8 mmol/L at pre-treatment to 6.9±0.9 mmol/L at 3-months follow-up(P<0.01).The level of GHbA1C declined from(6.47±1.24)% at pre-treatment to(6.14±0.99)% at 3-months follow-up(P<0.01).Body weight and BMI also declined significantly.Insulin resistance index was improved obviously and no event of hypoglycemia occurred.Part of the patients companied with fatty liver had a transient increase in hepatic transaminase during the treatment,but it turned to normal after the treatment.Conclusions:The modified Linggui Zhugan Decoction combined with short-term VLCDs can be safely implemented for steady glycemic control in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.
