Objective:Leprosy is an infectious diseases that remains a concerning public health issue.The infection of Mycobacterium leprae still exists at the county level in hard-to-access areas in southwest China.An accurate a...Objective:Leprosy is an infectious diseases that remains a concerning public health issue.The infection of Mycobacterium leprae still exists at the county level in hard-to-access areas in southwest China.An accurate analysis of the prevalence of leprosy in various regions is necessary for the formulation of prevention and control strategies,so we conducted this study to describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in China in 2021 and provide essential information for future national leprosy control and prevention strategies.Methods:We collected epidemiological data of leprosy from 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities of China(except for Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)provided by the Leprosy Management Information System.We performed a comparative analysis of the epidemiological features of patients with leprosy including age,sex,geographical distribution,and grade of disability.Results:In total,374 newly detected leprosy cases were reported nationwide in China in 2021,giving an incidence rate of 0.27 per million population,which represented a decrease of 7.9%compared with 2020.Among the population with leprosy in 2021 that comprised 238 males(63.6%)and 136 females(36.4%),1.9%(7/374)were children younger than 15 years,92.8%(347/374)had multibacillary leprosy,and 18.2%(68/374)had grade 2 disability.More than half of the new leprosy cases(54.8%,205/374)were distributed in southwest China.There were 33 relapsed leprosy cases reported in 2021.By the end of 2021,there were 1,897 registered leprosy cases reported nationwide,giving a prevalence rate of 1.35 per million population.Conclusion:The leprosy epidemic in China shows a downward trend in terms of the prevalence and incidence rates.However,the high prevalence of leprosy in southwest China is still a matter of concern.展开更多
Eukaryotic membrane proteins, many of which are key players in various biological processes, constitute more than half of the drug targets and represent important candidates for structural studies. In contrast to thei...Eukaryotic membrane proteins, many of which are key players in various biological processes, constitute more than half of the drug targets and represent important candidates for structural studies. In contrast to their physiological significance, only very limited number of eukaryoUc membrane protein structures have been obtained due to the technical challenges in the genera- tion of recombinant proteins. In this review, we examine the major recombinant expression systems for eukaryotic membrane proteins and compare their relative advantages and disadvantages. We also attempted to summarize the recent technical strategies in the advancement of eukaryotic membrane protein purification and crystallization.展开更多
Background:Dual regimen dolutegravir(DTG)plus lamivudine(3TC)has demonstrated non-inferior efficacy compared to DTG-based three-drug regimens(3DRs),yet directly comparative data regarding the efficacy and safety of DT...Background:Dual regimen dolutegravir(DTG)plus lamivudine(3TC)has demonstrated non-inferior efficacy compared to DTG-based three-drug regimens(3DRs),yet directly comparative data regarding the efficacy and safety of DTG+3TC and bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide(B/F/TAF)for therapy-naïve people with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1(PWH)are still limited.We aimed to assess the antiviral potency and safety profiles of DTG+3TC vs.B/F/TAF based on antiretroviral therapy(ART)-naïve PWH in China.Methods:This retrospective multicenter study enrolled PWH initiating ART with DTG+3TC or B/F/TAF from 2020 to 2022 in Guangdong and Guangxi.We analyzed response rates based on target not detected(TND)status using intention-to-treat(ITT)analysis.Subgroups were formed based on baseline viral load(VL)(<100,000 vs.≥100,000 copies/mL)and CD4^(+)cell count(<200 vs.≥200 cell/µL).Median time to TND VL was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method.We also measured changes from baseline in CD4^(+)cell counts,CD4/CD8 ratio,lipid parameters,weight,creatinine(Cr),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and drug-related adverse effects(DRAEs).Results:We enrolled 280 participants,including 137(48.9%)on DTG+3TC and 143(51.1%)on B/F/TAF.At week 48,96.4%(132/137)on DTG+3TC and 100%(143/143)on B/F/TAF achieved TND(P=0.064).At week 12,TND responses were higher with B/F/TAF(78.3%[112/143])than DTG+3TC(30.7%[42/137])(P<0.001).This trend held across subgroups.B/F/TAF achieved TND faster(12 weeks)than DTG+3TC(24 weeks)(P<0.001).No differences were seen in CD4^(+)cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio,except in the high-VL subgroup,where B/F/TAF showed better recovery.DRAEs were significantly lower with B/F/TAF(4.9%[7/143])than with DTG+3TC(13.1%[18/137])(P=0.016).Lipid parameters,body weight,and Cr increased in both groups over 48 weeks,with DTG+3TC showing a more favorable effect on triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein(HDL)cholesterol,and weight gain.Conclusions:In this real-life study,B/F/TAF led to a faster viral decline and fewer DRAEs comp展开更多
We report on the properties of strong pulses from PSR B0656＋14 by analyzing the data obtained using the Urumqi 25-m radio telescope at 1540 MHz from August 2007 to September 2010.In 44 h of observational data,a total...We report on the properties of strong pulses from PSR B0656＋14 by analyzing the data obtained using the Urumqi 25-m radio telescope at 1540 MHz from August 2007 to September 2010.In 44 h of observational data,a total of 67 pulses with signal-to-noise ratios above a 5σthreshold were detected.The peak flux densities of these pulses are 58 to 194 times that of the average profile,and their pulse energies are 3 to 68 times that of the average pulse.These pulses are clustered around phases about 5-ahead of the peak of the average profile.Compared with the width of the average profile,they are relatively narrow,with the full widths at half-maximum ranging from 0.28 ° to 1.78 °.The distribution of pulse-energies follows a lognormal distribution.These sporadic strong pulses detected from PSR B0656＋14 have different characteristics from both typical giant pulses and its regular pulses.展开更多
Due to their exceptional optical and magnetic properties,negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV−)centers in nanodiamonds(NDs)have been identified as an indispensable tool for imaging,sensing and quantum bit manipulati...Due to their exceptional optical and magnetic properties,negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV−)centers in nanodiamonds(NDs)have been identified as an indispensable tool for imaging,sensing and quantum bit manipulation.The investigation of the emission behaviors of single NV−centers at the nanoscale is of paramount importance and underpins their use in applications ranging from quantum computation to super-resolution imaging.Here,we report on a spin-manipulated nanoscopy method for nanoscale resolutions of the collectively blinking NV−centers confined within the diffraction-limited region.Using wide-field localization microscopy combined with nanoscale spin manipulation and the assistance of a microwave source tuned to the optically detected magnetic resonance(ODMR)frequency,we discovered that two collectively blinking NV−centers can be resolved.Furthermore,when the collective emitters possess the same ground state spin transition frequency,the proposed method allows the resolving of each single NV−center via an external magnetic field used to split the resonant dips.In spin manipulation,the three-level blinking dynamics provide the means to resolve two NV−centers separated by distances of 23 nm.The method presented here offers a new platform for studying and imaging spin-related quantum interactions at the nanoscale with superresolution techniques.展开更多
Electroluminescent characteristics of n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunctions under forward and reverse biases are studied. Emissions at 389nm and 57Ohm are observed under forward bias. An unusual emission at 390ram appears under...Electroluminescent characteristics of n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunctions under forward and reverse biases are studied. Emissions at 389nm and 57Ohm are observed under forward bias. An unusual emission at 390ram appears under reverse bias, and is attributed to the recombination in the p-GaN side of the heterojunction. The yellow emission peaked at 57Ohm is suppressed under reverse bias. The light intensity exponentially depends on the reverse current. The emission under reverse bias is correlated to tunnelling carrier transport in the heterostructure. Our results also support that the well-known yellow band of GaN comes from the transitions between some near-conduction-band-edge states and deep localized acceptor states.展开更多
A strange phenomenon of fire taking place at Arruhban area west Bahr-Al Najaf area in Iraq was noticed in 2010 and smoke continued many months;this phenomenon reappeared many years later. This site is part of Bahr-Al ...A strange phenomenon of fire taking place at Arruhban area west Bahr-Al Najaf area in Iraq was noticed in 2010 and smoke continued many months;this phenomenon reappeared many years later. This site is part of Bahr-Al Najaf-Iraq NE Arabian plate, located in flat area near an archeological site of Christian temple called Tel Arruhban. To understand the causes for this fire in a non-residential area, field observations from repeated visits between 2010 and 2018 and on-site excavation operations were conducted. The results of analysis of soil samples, and on-site detection for gases and vapors showed that the phenomenon of burning and smoke generated at this site was due to external influences and that the presence of soil rich with organic materials helped to the existence of this phenomenon.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81703139)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.CIFMS-2017-I2M-1-017)+1 种基金Innovation Research on Critical Diseases(No.2016ZX320014)Netherlands Leprosy Relief(No.ILEPNR412.90.01)
文摘Objective:Leprosy is an infectious diseases that remains a concerning public health issue.The infection of Mycobacterium leprae still exists at the county level in hard-to-access areas in southwest China.An accurate analysis of the prevalence of leprosy in various regions is necessary for the formulation of prevention and control strategies,so we conducted this study to describe the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy in China in 2021 and provide essential information for future national leprosy control and prevention strategies.Methods:We collected epidemiological data of leprosy from 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities of China(except for Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)provided by the Leprosy Management Information System.We performed a comparative analysis of the epidemiological features of patients with leprosy including age,sex,geographical distribution,and grade of disability.Results:In total,374 newly detected leprosy cases were reported nationwide in China in 2021,giving an incidence rate of 0.27 per million population,which represented a decrease of 7.9%compared with 2020.Among the population with leprosy in 2021 that comprised 238 males(63.6%)and 136 females(36.4%),1.9%(7/374)were children younger than 15 years,92.8%(347/374)had multibacillary leprosy,and 18.2%(68/374)had grade 2 disability.More than half of the new leprosy cases(54.8%,205/374)were distributed in southwest China.There were 33 relapsed leprosy cases reported in 2021.By the end of 2021,there were 1,897 registered leprosy cases reported nationwide,giving a prevalence rate of 1.35 per million population.Conclusion:The leprosy epidemic in China shows a downward trend in terms of the prevalence and incidence rates.However,the high prevalence of leprosy in southwest China is still a matter of concern.
基金ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We apologize to colleagues whose work could not be cited due to the scope of this review. We would like to thank members in Yan laboratory for discussions. We thank Brendan Lehnert, Xinlei Sheng, Quanxiu Li, Dan Ma and Xinhui Zhou for critical reading. This work was supported by funds from the National Basic Research Program （973 Program） （No. 2011CB910501）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 31321062-20131319400, 31125009, and 91017011 ）, and funds from Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences. The research of N.Y. was supported in part by an International Early Career Scientist grant from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
文摘Eukaryotic membrane proteins, many of which are key players in various biological processes, constitute more than half of the drug targets and represent important candidates for structural studies. In contrast to their physiological significance, only very limited number of eukaryoUc membrane protein structures have been obtained due to the technical challenges in the genera- tion of recombinant proteins. In this review, we examine the major recombinant expression systems for eukaryotic membrane proteins and compare their relative advantages and disadvantages. We also attempted to summarize the recent technical strategies in the advancement of eukaryotic membrane protein purification and crystallization.
文摘Background:Dual regimen dolutegravir(DTG)plus lamivudine(3TC)has demonstrated non-inferior efficacy compared to DTG-based three-drug regimens(3DRs),yet directly comparative data regarding the efficacy and safety of DTG+3TC and bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide(B/F/TAF)for therapy-naïve people with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1(PWH)are still limited.We aimed to assess the antiviral potency and safety profiles of DTG+3TC vs.B/F/TAF based on antiretroviral therapy(ART)-naïve PWH in China.Methods:This retrospective multicenter study enrolled PWH initiating ART with DTG+3TC or B/F/TAF from 2020 to 2022 in Guangdong and Guangxi.We analyzed response rates based on target not detected(TND)status using intention-to-treat(ITT)analysis.Subgroups were formed based on baseline viral load(VL)(<100,000 vs.≥100,000 copies/mL)and CD4^(+)cell count(<200 vs.≥200 cell/µL).Median time to TND VL was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method.We also measured changes from baseline in CD4^(+)cell counts,CD4/CD8 ratio,lipid parameters,weight,creatinine(Cr),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),and drug-related adverse effects(DRAEs).Results:We enrolled 280 participants,including 137(48.9%)on DTG+3TC and 143(51.1%)on B/F/TAF.At week 48,96.4%(132/137)on DTG+3TC and 100%(143/143)on B/F/TAF achieved TND(P=0.064).At week 12,TND responses were higher with B/F/TAF(78.3%[112/143])than DTG+3TC(30.7%[42/137])(P<0.001).This trend held across subgroups.B/F/TAF achieved TND faster(12 weeks)than DTG+3TC(24 weeks)(P<0.001).No differences were seen in CD4^(+)cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio,except in the high-VL subgroup,where B/F/TAF showed better recovery.DRAEs were significantly lower with B/F/TAF(4.9%[7/143])than with DTG+3TC(13.1%[18/137])(P=0.016).Lipid parameters,body weight,and Cr increased in both groups over 48 weeks,with DTG+3TC showing a more favorable effect on triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein(HDL)cholesterol,and weight gain.Conclusions:In this real-life study,B/F/TAF led to a faster viral decline and fewer DRAEs comp
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10973026)
文摘We report on the properties of strong pulses from PSR B0656＋14 by analyzing the data obtained using the Urumqi 25-m radio telescope at 1540 MHz from August 2007 to September 2010.In 44 h of observational data,a total of 67 pulses with signal-to-noise ratios above a 5σthreshold were detected.The peak flux densities of these pulses are 58 to 194 times that of the average profile,and their pulse energies are 3 to 68 times that of the average pulse.These pulses are clustered around phases about 5-ahead of the peak of the average profile.Compared with the width of the average profile,they are relatively narrow,with the full widths at half-maximum ranging from 0.28 ° to 1.78 °.The distribution of pulse-energies follows a lognormal distribution.These sporadic strong pulses detected from PSR B0656＋14 have different characteristics from both typical giant pulses and its regular pulses.
基金the Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship project(FL100100099).
文摘Due to their exceptional optical and magnetic properties,negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy(NV−)centers in nanodiamonds(NDs)have been identified as an indispensable tool for imaging,sensing and quantum bit manipulation.The investigation of the emission behaviors of single NV−centers at the nanoscale is of paramount importance and underpins their use in applications ranging from quantum computation to super-resolution imaging.Here,we report on a spin-manipulated nanoscopy method for nanoscale resolutions of the collectively blinking NV−centers confined within the diffraction-limited region.Using wide-field localization microscopy combined with nanoscale spin manipulation and the assistance of a microwave source tuned to the optically detected magnetic resonance(ODMR)frequency,we discovered that two collectively blinking NV−centers can be resolved.Furthermore,when the collective emitters possess the same ground state spin transition frequency,the proposed method allows the resolving of each single NV−center via an external magnetic field used to split the resonant dips.In spin manipulation,the three-level blinking dynamics provide the means to resolve two NV−centers separated by distances of 23 nm.The method presented here offers a new platform for studying and imaging spin-related quantum interactions at the nanoscale with superresolution techniques.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos 60476044, 60376004 and 60021403, and the National Key Basic Research and Development Programme of China under Grant Nos 2002CB311903 and 2002CB613500.
文摘Electroluminescent characteristics of n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunctions under forward and reverse biases are studied. Emissions at 389nm and 57Ohm are observed under forward bias. An unusual emission at 390ram appears under reverse bias, and is attributed to the recombination in the p-GaN side of the heterojunction. The yellow emission peaked at 57Ohm is suppressed under reverse bias. The light intensity exponentially depends on the reverse current. The emission under reverse bias is correlated to tunnelling carrier transport in the heterostructure. Our results also support that the well-known yellow band of GaN comes from the transitions between some near-conduction-band-edge states and deep localized acceptor states.
文摘A strange phenomenon of fire taking place at Arruhban area west Bahr-Al Najaf area in Iraq was noticed in 2010 and smoke continued many months;this phenomenon reappeared many years later. This site is part of Bahr-Al Najaf-Iraq NE Arabian plate, located in flat area near an archeological site of Christian temple called Tel Arruhban. To understand the causes for this fire in a non-residential area, field observations from repeated visits between 2010 and 2018 and on-site excavation operations were conducted. The results of analysis of soil samples, and on-site detection for gases and vapors showed that the phenomenon of burning and smoke generated at this site was due to external influences and that the presence of soil rich with organic materials helped to the existence of this phenomenon.
