研究表明,中酸性岩浆岩(包括 SiO_2>56%的中酸性火山岩和侵入岩)的 Sr 和 Yb 是两个非常有意义的地球化学指标,如果大致按照 Sr=400×10^(-6)和 Yb=2×10^(-6)为标志,可以划分出4类花岗岩,即:高 Sr 低 Yb(Sr>400×10^...研究表明,中酸性岩浆岩(包括 SiO_2>56%的中酸性火山岩和侵入岩)的 Sr 和 Yb 是两个非常有意义的地球化学指标,如果大致按照 Sr=400×10^(-6)和 Yb=2×10^(-6)为标志,可以划分出4类花岗岩,即:高 Sr 低 Yb(Sr>400×10^(-6),Yb<2×10^(-6))、低 Sr 低 Yb(Sr<400×10^(-6),Yb<2×10^(-6))、低 Sr 高 Yb(Sr<400×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))和高 Sr 高 Yb(Sr>400×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))型花岗岩。其中,从低 Sr 高 Yb 型中还可以分出非常低 Sr 高 Yb(Sr<100×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))的一类。因此,按照 Sr 和 Yb 含量的不同,可以将花岗岩分为5类,文中着重探讨了这5类花岗岩形成的源区深度问题,指出按照残留相组成和花岗岩地球化学特征,可以将花岗岩形成的压力分为3或4个级别:即:(1)高压下与石榴石平衡的花岗岩具有高 Sr 低Yb 的特征;(2)在中等或较高压力、麻粒岩相(由斜长石+石榴石+角闪石+辉石组成)条件下,花岗岩具低 Sr 低 Yb 或高 Sr 高 Yb 的特点(取决于原岩成分);(3)低压下,残留相有斜长石无石榴石(角闪岩相),花岗岩为低 Sr 高 Yb 类型的;(4)与蛇绿岩有关的在洋壳剖面浅部由辉长岩部分熔融形成的 M 型花岗岩,具有非常低 Sr 高 Yb 的特点,形成深度约2～5km,可能是非常低压条件下形成的。研究表明,淡色花岗岩大多分布在低 Sr 低 Yb 区,部分正长岩和钾玄岩分布在高 Sr 高 Yb 区。藏南淡色花岗岩可能形成的压力较高。文中探讨了岩浆与深度的关系,得出了一些初步的认识,指出需要进一步研究的问题。为了得到经得起考验的结论,还需要更多资料的积累,更多理论的探讨和更多实验的佐证。展开更多
Artemisia ordosica Krasch. is a dominant shrub occurring mainly on stable sand dunes in the Gobi Desert of China, in the Mongolian phytogeographic region. Achenes of A. ordosica germinate in light but poorly in ...Artemisia ordosica Krasch. is a dominant shrub occurring mainly on stable sand dunes in the Gobi Desert of China, in the Mongolian phytogeographic region. Achenes of A. ordosica germinate in light but poorly in dark and light is the limiting factor regulating the achene germination in sand depth. Achenes germinate in spring or autumn with an optimal temperature of 20 ℃. Achene mucilage can absorb large amounts of water and has important ecological function. Salt concentrations and sand moisture may regulate achene germination in sand. A. ordosica, A. sphaerocephala Krasch. and A. monosperma Delile. from different climates have similar responses to light, the underground location of achene, and sand moisture. Percentage of seedling emergence from different levels of sand depth is depends on the specific, temperature and intensity of light penetrating through the sand depths, as well as on sand moisture. The desert sand habitat seems to have had a dominant influence on the evolution of the germination strategies of these 3 Artemisia species.展开更多
Focal depth data of earthquakes in China's Mainland are processed and analyzed in this paper, as well as the relationship between the focal depths and large-scale tectonic structures. As a basic parameter for eart...Focal depth data of earthquakes in China's Mainland are processed and analyzed in this paper, as well as the relationship between the focal depths and large-scale tectonic structures. As a basic parameter for earthquakes, focal depth is used to investigate deep environment of seis-mogenic regions, tectonic backgrounds for concentration and release of seismic energy, the inner crustal deformation and its mechanic features. Depth data of 31282 ML≥2.0 events with 1st class and 2nd class precision in China's Mainland from Jan. 1, 1970 to May 31, 2000 are used to get spatial features of earthquakes distributed with depth and to provide average depth for each grid area throughout China. Researches show that the average depth (D) for all the earthquakes used in this paper is (16±7) km, and (13±6) km and (18±8) km for the events in eastern China and western China, respectively. The area with the deepest focal depth is located in southwest Xinjiang region, near the western and southwestern ends of the Tarim展开更多
On April 20, 2013, a magnitude M s 7.0 earthquake occurred in Lushan, Sichuan Province, China, and caused heavy casualties and economic losses. Based on the local broadband waveforms in Sichuan and adjacent provinces ...On April 20, 2013, a magnitude M s 7.0 earthquake occurred in Lushan, Sichuan Province, China, and caused heavy casualties and economic losses. Based on the local broadband waveforms in Sichuan and adjacent provinces regional networks and teleseismic broadband records from IRIS stations, the focal mechanism and the focal depth are determined by the CAP (Cut And Paste) and its upgraded methods, CAPtele and CAPjoint, respectively. The results show that the focal mechanisms and depth from different methods are steady, and the best double couple solution derived from the joint inversion is 210°, 44°, and 91° for strike, dip, and rake angles respectively for one nodal plane and 29°, 46°, and 89° for another with 16 km focal depth and M w 6.66 moment magnitude. In order to verify the reliability of the results, a number of tests are performed based on local seismograms with different velocity models. They indicate that there is about 10 degree's fluctuation in focal mechanisms and about 2 km variation in focal depth with a complex velocity structure. Furthermore, inverted by re-sampling the teleseismic waveforms on the basis of epicentral distance, the solutions are consistent with each other, which manifests that the teleseismic records are effective for constraining source parameters of the Lushan earthquake.展开更多
文摘研究表明,中酸性岩浆岩(包括 SiO_2>56%的中酸性火山岩和侵入岩)的 Sr 和 Yb 是两个非常有意义的地球化学指标,如果大致按照 Sr=400×10^(-6)和 Yb=2×10^(-6)为标志,可以划分出4类花岗岩,即:高 Sr 低 Yb(Sr>400×10^(-6),Yb<2×10^(-6))、低 Sr 低 Yb(Sr<400×10^(-6),Yb<2×10^(-6))、低 Sr 高 Yb(Sr<400×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))和高 Sr 高 Yb(Sr>400×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))型花岗岩。其中,从低 Sr 高 Yb 型中还可以分出非常低 Sr 高 Yb(Sr<100×10^(-6),Yb>2×10^(-6))的一类。因此,按照 Sr 和 Yb 含量的不同,可以将花岗岩分为5类,文中着重探讨了这5类花岗岩形成的源区深度问题,指出按照残留相组成和花岗岩地球化学特征,可以将花岗岩形成的压力分为3或4个级别:即:(1)高压下与石榴石平衡的花岗岩具有高 Sr 低Yb 的特征;(2)在中等或较高压力、麻粒岩相(由斜长石+石榴石+角闪石+辉石组成)条件下,花岗岩具低 Sr 低 Yb 或高 Sr 高 Yb 的特点(取决于原岩成分);(3)低压下,残留相有斜长石无石榴石(角闪岩相),花岗岩为低 Sr 高 Yb 类型的;(4)与蛇绿岩有关的在洋壳剖面浅部由辉长岩部分熔融形成的 M 型花岗岩,具有非常低 Sr 高 Yb 的特点,形成深度约2～5km,可能是非常低压条件下形成的。研究表明,淡色花岗岩大多分布在低 Sr 低 Yb 区,部分正长岩和钾玄岩分布在高 Sr 高 Yb 区。藏南淡色花岗岩可能形成的压力较高。文中探讨了岩浆与深度的关系,得出了一些初步的认识,指出需要进一步研究的问题。为了得到经得起考验的结论,还需要更多资料的积累,更多理论的探讨和更多实验的佐证。
文摘Artemisia ordosica Krasch. is a dominant shrub occurring mainly on stable sand dunes in the Gobi Desert of China, in the Mongolian phytogeographic region. Achenes of A. ordosica germinate in light but poorly in dark and light is the limiting factor regulating the achene germination in sand depth. Achenes germinate in spring or autumn with an optimal temperature of 20 ℃. Achene mucilage can absorb large amounts of water and has important ecological function. Salt concentrations and sand moisture may regulate achene germination in sand. A. ordosica, A. sphaerocephala Krasch. and A. monosperma Delile. from different climates have similar responses to light, the underground location of achene, and sand moisture. Percentage of seedling emergence from different levels of sand depth is depends on the specific, temperature and intensity of light penetrating through the sand depths, as well as on sand moisture. The desert sand habitat seems to have had a dominant influence on the evolution of the germination strategies of these 3 Artemisia species.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Project of Science Technology Development Programme from the Ministry of Science Technology (Grant No. G19980407).
文摘Focal depth data of earthquakes in China's Mainland are processed and analyzed in this paper, as well as the relationship between the focal depths and large-scale tectonic structures. As a basic parameter for earthquakes, focal depth is used to investigate deep environment of seis-mogenic regions, tectonic backgrounds for concentration and release of seismic energy, the inner crustal deformation and its mechanic features. Depth data of 31282 ML≥2.0 events with 1st class and 2nd class precision in China's Mainland from Jan. 1, 1970 to May 31, 2000 are used to get spatial features of earthquakes distributed with depth and to provide average depth for each grid area throughout China. Researches show that the average depth (D) for all the earthquakes used in this paper is (16±7) km, and (13±6) km and (18±8) km for the events in eastern China and western China, respectively. The area with the deepest focal depth is located in southwest Xinjiang region, near the western and southwestern ends of the Tarim
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41174086,41074052 and 41021003)Special Project Seismic Commonweal research (Grant No.201308013)Key Development Program of Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No.KZZD-EW-TZ-05)
文摘On April 20, 2013, a magnitude M s 7.0 earthquake occurred in Lushan, Sichuan Province, China, and caused heavy casualties and economic losses. Based on the local broadband waveforms in Sichuan and adjacent provinces regional networks and teleseismic broadband records from IRIS stations, the focal mechanism and the focal depth are determined by the CAP (Cut And Paste) and its upgraded methods, CAPtele and CAPjoint, respectively. The results show that the focal mechanisms and depth from different methods are steady, and the best double couple solution derived from the joint inversion is 210°, 44°, and 91° for strike, dip, and rake angles respectively for one nodal plane and 29°, 46°, and 89° for another with 16 km focal depth and M w 6.66 moment magnitude. In order to verify the reliability of the results, a number of tests are performed based on local seismograms with different velocity models. They indicate that there is about 10 degree's fluctuation in focal mechanisms and about 2 km variation in focal depth with a complex velocity structure. Furthermore, inverted by re-sampling the teleseismic waveforms on the basis of epicentral distance, the solutions are consistent with each other, which manifests that the teleseismic records are effective for constraining source parameters of the Lushan earthquake.
