Plants employ multifaceted mechanisms to fight with numerous pathogens in nature. Resistance （R） genes are the most effective weapons against pathogen invasion since they can specifically recognize the corresponding...Plants employ multifaceted mechanisms to fight with numerous pathogens in nature. Resistance （R） genes are the most effective weapons against pathogen invasion since they can specifically recognize the corresponding pathogen effectors or associated protein（s） to activate plant immune responses at the site of infection. Up to date, over 70 R genes have been isolated from various plant species. Most R proteins contain conserved motifs such as nucleotide-binding site （NBS）, leucine-rich repeat （LRR）, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR, homologous to cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll protein and the manamalian intefleukin-1 receptor）, coiled-coil （CC） or leucine zipper （LZ） structure and protein kinase domain （PK）. Recent results indicate that these domains play significant roles in R protein interactions with effector proteins from pathogens and in activating signal transduction pathways involved in innate immunity. This review highlights an overview of the recent progress in elucidating the structure, function and evolution of the isolated R genes in different plant-pathogen interaction systems.展开更多
采用H2O2和酶活性检测、DAB染色、定量实时PCR等方法研究转hpa1Xoo基因棉花T-34叶组织中的活性氧。结果显示:无病原菌侵染时,T-34和出发品种Z35均未产生活性氧。在接种黄萎病菌分生孢子悬浮液后,与Z35相比,在T-34叶组织中接菌0～8 h H2O...采用H2O2和酶活性检测、DAB染色、定量实时PCR等方法研究转hpa1Xoo基因棉花T-34叶组织中的活性氧。结果显示:无病原菌侵染时,T-34和出发品种Z35均未产生活性氧。在接种黄萎病菌分生孢子悬浮液后,与Z35相比,在T-34叶组织中接菌0～8 h H2O2含量变化呈现2个峰值;接菌8 h时PAL和POD酶活性显著增强;DAB染色显示褐红色斑产生;2个防卫基因ghAOX1和hsr203J超表达。这些结果表明,转hpa1Xoo基因棉花为某些防卫基因超水平表达提供了分子基础,使受到病原菌侵染时才诱导产生的高水平活性氧及相关基因表达,并且组成型表达的HarpinXoo赋予转基因棉花对黄萎病菌的抗性。展开更多
The fungal pathogen Bipolaris maydis invades by direct penetration into maize leaf veins. In order to understand the resistance mechanism of maize to B. maydis strain 523, cDNA-AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorp...The fungal pathogen Bipolaris maydis invades by direct penetration into maize leaf veins. In order to understand the resistance mechanism of maize to B. maydis strain 523, cDNA-AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis was conducted to compare the changes in mRNA transcripts hi response to B. maydis infection between a highly disease-resistant (HDR) line and a susceptible (S) line. 13 cDNA fragments derived from the genes showing enhanced expression after fungal infection, named HDR genes, were isolated from the HDR line. Northern blot analysis showed that 5 HDR genes were induced by fungal infection in the HDR, but not the S lines. The 5 HDR genes showed homology to previously characterized genes involved in disease resistance. A full-length HDR10 cDNA was isolated. It had a capacity to encode a protein of 284 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HDR10 gene was homologous to a fungal infection-induced protein from Cicer arietinum and a hypersensitive response protein from展开更多
Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 tra...Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 transposition of Mycobacterium smegmatis into the Isr2 gene can occur at high frequencies,which endows the mutant mycobacterium with a broad-spectrum antiphage ability.Lsr2 functions as a negative regulator and directly silences expression of a gene island composed of 11 lipid metabolism-related genes.The complete or partial loss of the gene island leads to a significant decrease of bacteriophage adsorption to the mycobacterium,thus defending against phage infection.Strikingly,a phage that has evolved mutations in two tail-filament genes can re-escape from the Isr2 inactivation-triggered host defense.This study uncovered a new signaling pathway for activating antimycobacteriophage immunity by Is transposition and provided insight into the natural evolution of bacterial antiphage defense.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30470990, No. 30571063)the"948"Project from the Minister of Agriculture in China, the"973"Project from the Minister of Science and Technology (No.2006CB101904)+1 种基金Hunan Natural Science Foundation (No.06JJ10006)Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education department (No.04A024).
文摘Plants employ multifaceted mechanisms to fight with numerous pathogens in nature. Resistance （R） genes are the most effective weapons against pathogen invasion since they can specifically recognize the corresponding pathogen effectors or associated protein（s） to activate plant immune responses at the site of infection. Up to date, over 70 R genes have been isolated from various plant species. Most R proteins contain conserved motifs such as nucleotide-binding site （NBS）, leucine-rich repeat （LRR）, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR, homologous to cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll protein and the manamalian intefleukin-1 receptor）, coiled-coil （CC） or leucine zipper （LZ） structure and protein kinase domain （PK）. Recent results indicate that these domains play significant roles in R protein interactions with effector proteins from pathogens and in activating signal transduction pathways involved in innate immunity. This review highlights an overview of the recent progress in elucidating the structure, function and evolution of the isolated R genes in different plant-pathogen interaction systems.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2005CB121000)Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China(GrantNo.2006AA10A118)Fund for Foreign Scholars in University Research and Teaching Programs(Grant No.B07045)
文摘采用H2O2和酶活性检测、DAB染色、定量实时PCR等方法研究转hpa1Xoo基因棉花T-34叶组织中的活性氧。结果显示:无病原菌侵染时,T-34和出发品种Z35均未产生活性氧。在接种黄萎病菌分生孢子悬浮液后,与Z35相比,在T-34叶组织中接菌0～8 h H2O2含量变化呈现2个峰值;接菌8 h时PAL和POD酶活性显著增强;DAB染色显示褐红色斑产生;2个防卫基因ghAOX1和hsr203J超表达。这些结果表明,转hpa1Xoo基因棉花为某些防卫基因超水平表达提供了分子基础,使受到病原菌侵染时才诱导产生的高水平活性氧及相关基因表达,并且组成型表达的HarpinXoo赋予转基因棉花对黄萎病菌的抗性。
文摘The fungal pathogen Bipolaris maydis invades by direct penetration into maize leaf veins. In order to understand the resistance mechanism of maize to B. maydis strain 523, cDNA-AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis was conducted to compare the changes in mRNA transcripts hi response to B. maydis infection between a highly disease-resistant (HDR) line and a susceptible (S) line. 13 cDNA fragments derived from the genes showing enhanced expression after fungal infection, named HDR genes, were isolated from the HDR line. Northern blot analysis showed that 5 HDR genes were induced by fungal infection in the HDR, but not the S lines. The 5 HDR genes showed homology to previously characterized genes involved in disease resistance. A full-length HDR10 cDNA was isolated. It had a capacity to encode a protein of 284 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HDR10 gene was homologous to a fungal infection-induced protein from Cicer arietinum and a hypersensitive response protein from
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230002)the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0907200),and the Ba-Gui Scholar Program of Guangxi(To Z.G.H).
文摘Insertion sequences(ISs)exist widely in bacterial genomes,but their roles in the evolution of bacterial antiphage defense remain to be clarified.Here,we report that,under the pressure of phage infection,the IS1o96 transposition of Mycobacterium smegmatis into the Isr2 gene can occur at high frequencies,which endows the mutant mycobacterium with a broad-spectrum antiphage ability.Lsr2 functions as a negative regulator and directly silences expression of a gene island composed of 11 lipid metabolism-related genes.The complete or partial loss of the gene island leads to a significant decrease of bacteriophage adsorption to the mycobacterium,thus defending against phage infection.Strikingly,a phage that has evolved mutations in two tail-filament genes can re-escape from the Isr2 inactivation-triggered host defense.This study uncovered a new signaling pathway for activating antimycobacteriophage immunity by Is transposition and provided insight into the natural evolution of bacterial antiphage defense.
