Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), a complex system of natural resources with many diverse components, are widely used as approved medicinal agents in China. Quality control of TCMs is a huge challenge for the gove...Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), a complex system of natural resources with many diverse components, are widely used as approved medicinal agents in China. Quality control of TCMs is a huge challenge for the government and for testing institutes and is associated with numerous scientific issues. Among these considerations include the following questions: How many components are in TCMs? How can the multiple components in TCMs be comprehensively delineated and subsequently characterized? What is the level and range of these (active) metabolites within these multiple-component TCMs, in order to recommend standards? and What are the qualities required for a marker constituent to be selected, and from a practical perspective, how can these components be assessed with low cost and in a short time? All of these factors require significant and deep thinking in order to understand the individualistic chemistry of TCM in order to develop enhanced TCM quality standards for improved and consistent patient care. In this review, the latest exploratory research in TCM chemistry analytical techniques and methods is summarized in order to begin to develop responses to these scientific issues. Advances in these methods have included multidimensional separation for liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS), smart triggering data-dependent acquisition of LC–HRMS, target analysis with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), supercritical fluid chromatography, and data mining of large mass spectrometry (MS) datasets. In addition, two quality strategies have been introduced in order to save reference standards and the analysis time for a TCM quality standard, including the application of the single standard to determine multi-components (SSDMC) and monomethodheterotrait matrix methods. Finally, a series of future improvements for analytical methods for TCMs are proposed.展开更多
等价类测试是有效减少测试用例而又较小地影响测试效果的一种高效的测试方法,但是对于测试者来说,寻找一种等价类测试的划分方法十分重要,本文提出了一种基于EFSM(Extended Finite State Machine)模型的等价类测试划分的方法,通过对EFS...等价类测试是有效减少测试用例而又较小地影响测试效果的一种高效的测试方法,但是对于测试者来说,寻找一种等价类测试的划分方法十分重要,本文提出了一种基于EFSM(Extended Finite State Machine)模型的等价类测试划分的方法,通过对EFSM模型数据依赖和控制依赖分析,给出了等价类测试划分的具体方法和算法,并给出了等价类划分方法的完备性和无冗余性证明。展开更多
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473344, 81403097, and 81530095)Special Scientific Research in the Chinese Medicine Industry of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (201307002)+2 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project for Major Drug Development (2014ZX09304-307-001-007)the Study on International Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (GZYYGJ2017024)the National Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Project (ZYBZH-K-LN-01).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), a complex system of natural resources with many diverse components, are widely used as approved medicinal agents in China. Quality control of TCMs is a huge challenge for the government and for testing institutes and is associated with numerous scientific issues. Among these considerations include the following questions: How many components are in TCMs? How can the multiple components in TCMs be comprehensively delineated and subsequently characterized? What is the level and range of these (active) metabolites within these multiple-component TCMs, in order to recommend standards? and What are the qualities required for a marker constituent to be selected, and from a practical perspective, how can these components be assessed with low cost and in a short time? All of these factors require significant and deep thinking in order to understand the individualistic chemistry of TCM in order to develop enhanced TCM quality standards for improved and consistent patient care. In this review, the latest exploratory research in TCM chemistry analytical techniques and methods is summarized in order to begin to develop responses to these scientific issues. Advances in these methods have included multidimensional separation for liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS), smart triggering data-dependent acquisition of LC–HRMS, target analysis with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), supercritical fluid chromatography, and data mining of large mass spectrometry (MS) datasets. In addition, two quality strategies have been introduced in order to save reference standards and the analysis time for a TCM quality standard, including the application of the single standard to determine multi-components (SSDMC) and monomethodheterotrait matrix methods. Finally, a series of future improvements for analytical methods for TCMs are proposed.
文摘等价类测试是有效减少测试用例而又较小地影响测试效果的一种高效的测试方法,但是对于测试者来说,寻找一种等价类测试的划分方法十分重要,本文提出了一种基于EFSM(Extended Finite State Machine)模型的等价类测试划分的方法,通过对EFSM模型数据依赖和控制依赖分析,给出了等价类测试划分的具体方法和算法,并给出了等价类划分方法的完备性和无冗余性证明。
