Objective To summarize the recent findings on the epidemiology of medically important, opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in China and discuss the relevant social, economical reasons and medical factors...Objective To summarize the recent findings on the epidemiology of medically important, opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in China and discuss the relevant social, economical reasons and medical factors. Data sources We performed a comprehensive search of both English and Chinese literatures of opportunistic IFIs from China up to April 2012. Study selection Relevant literatures involving researches and cases/case sedes were identified, retrieved and reviewed. Results The incidence of opportunistic IFIs in China was steadily increasing. The incidence and mortality of IFIs were different in patients with various underlying conditions/diseases, from 4.12% to 41.18% and 9.8% to 60.0%, respectively. Candida species, Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans species complex were the most frequent isolated pathogens. Other uncommon opportunistic IFIs were also been reported, including trichosporonosis, mucormycosis, hyalohyphomycosis (hyaline hyphomycetes) and phaeohyphomycosis (dematiaceous hyphomycetes). Reports of Chinese patients differed from those of many other countries as there were a higher number of patients without identifiable underlying diseases/conditions. Conclusions Because of the rapid economic development, changing population structure and a growing number of immunocompromised hosts with risk factors, today opportunistic IFIs in China have a significant impact on public health, associated with high morbidity/mortality and higher care costs. Now information related to the epidemiology of opportunistic IFIs in China is still sparse, so we need more organized groups of clinical scientists performing related researches to help the clinicians to obtain more accurate epidemiological characteristics.展开更多
Three antagonistic yeasts, Trichosporon pullulans (Lindner.) Diddens and Lodder, Cryptococcus laurentii (Kuffer.) Skinner and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) F. C. Harrison, selected from over 50 yeasts on apple fruits...Three antagonistic yeasts, Trichosporon pullulans (Lindner.) Diddens and Lodder, Cryptococcus laurentii (Kuffer.) Skinner and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) F. C. Harrison, selected from over 50 yeasts on apple fruits, were investigated of their biocontrol efficacy against blue mould rot caused by Penicillium expansum Link in apple fruits. T. pullulans was identified to be a new yeast antagonist and was the most effective at inhibiting blue mould rot in the three yeasts. The effects of different concentrations of the three yeasts and addition Of nutrients, as well as combination with calcium on controlling blue mould rot in apples were presented in the paper. The results indicated that the higher the yeast concentrations, the more effective the yeasts on biocontrol activity. Addition of nutrients reduced the biocontrol capacity of the yeasts. Combination of 0.18 mol/L CaCl2 with C. laurentii cell suspensions could significantly enhance its effect to P. expansum in apple fruits, while the efficacy of calcium on biocontrol activity of T. pullulans or R. glutinis was not remarkable.展开更多
The present study was performed mainly to investigate the antagonist-pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits. The antagonistic yeast Cryptococcus laurentii could significantly reduce the brown r...The present study was performed mainly to investigate the antagonist-pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits. The antagonistic yeast Cryptococcus laurentii could significantly reduce the brown rot of the sweet cherry fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola at 25 and 1 ℃. The populations of yeast increased faster in the presence of the pathogen initially, but then decreased rapidly. In the fruits inoculated with M. fructicola alone or combined with C. laurentii, an induction of lipid peroxidation as well as activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as, superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), was observed. The isoenzyme pattern of polypheno/oxidase (PPO) changed greatly after the symptoms appeared, with new PPO isoforms being induced. By contrast, the induction of lipid peroxidation and activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were low, although no significant changes were found in the PPO isoenzyms in the fruits inoculated with antagonist C. laurentii alone. The inhibition of brown rot during the antagonist- pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits was mainly on account of the stimulated growth of C. laurentii as well as the induction of antioxidant enzymes of the fruits by M. fructicola.展开更多
Background Emerging fungal pathogens pose important threats to global public health. The World Health Organization has responded to the rising threat of traditionally neglected fungal infections by developing a Fungal...Background Emerging fungal pathogens pose important threats to global public health. The World Health Organization has responded to the rising threat of traditionally neglected fungal infections by developing a Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL). Taking the highest-ranked fungal pathogen in the FPPL,Cryptococcus neoformans, as a paradigm, we review progress made over the past two decades on its global burden, its clinical manifestation and management of cryptococcal infection, and its antifungal resistance. The purpose of this review is to drive research efforts to improve future diagnoses, therapies, and interventions associated with fungal infections.Methods We first reviewed trends in the global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection, mainly based on a series of systematic studies. We next conducted scoping reviews in accordance with the guidelines described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews using PubMed and ScienceDirect with the keywordCryptococcus neoformans to identify case reports of cryptococcal infections published since 2000. We then reviewed recent updates on the diagnosis and antifungal treatment of cryptococcal infections. Finally, we summarized knowledge regarding the resistance and tolerance ofC. neoformans to approved antifungal drugs.Results There has been a general reduction in the estimated global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis since 2009, probably due to improvements in highly active antiretroviral therapies. However, cryptococcal meningitis still accounts for 19% of AIDS-related deaths annually. The incidences of CM in Europe and North America and the Latin America region have increased by approximately two-fold since 2009, while other regions showed either reduced or stable numbers of cases. Unfortunately, diagnostic and treatment options for cryptococcal infections are limited, and emerging antifungal resistance exacerbates the public health burden.Conclusions The rising threat ofC. neoforma展开更多
肺隐球菌病主要因新型隐球菌或格特隐球菌导致的肺部机会性感染,通常发生在免疫功能低下的患者,偶尔发生在免疫功能正常患者,且近年感染率有增加的趋势。肺隐球菌病的流行病学最新发现聚焦在因暴露环境的变化和宿主免疫危险因素的增...肺隐球菌病主要因新型隐球菌或格特隐球菌导致的肺部机会性感染,通常发生在免疫功能低下的患者,偶尔发生在免疫功能正常患者,且近年感染率有增加的趋势。肺隐球菌病的流行病学最新发现聚焦在因暴露环境的变化和宿主免疫危险因素的增加所致的爆发性流行。通过对隐球菌的基因结构和功能等分子病理学的研究,进一步提高对隐球菌可塑性和微进化能力的认识。患有肺隐球菌病的免疫抑制患者尤其是艾滋病患者通常存在诊断不足并缺乏适当的治疗,容易导致播散性隐球菌病。免疫正常肺隐球菌病患者常表现为病灶局限,病程自限的特点。肺隐球菌病的临床表现变化较大,从无症状到呼吸衰竭均可发生,影像学根据患者免疫基础不同而呈现出非特异性和多种多样的改变,侧流测定,一种简单、实用、即时、便宜的抗原检测试验,最近已经引入临床作为隐球菌病诊断的方法之一,具有替代乳胶凝集试验的潜力。对于症状严重和病变范围大的肺隐球菌病,治疗上推荐两性霉素 B 联合或者不联合氟胞嘧啶作为诱导治疗,氟康唑巩固和维持治疗;对于无症状至中度症状且病灶局限的肺隐球菌病患者推荐单用氟康唑治疗。展开更多
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31050014) and Academicion Consulting Projects from Chinese Academy of Engineering (No. 2012xy22).
文摘Objective To summarize the recent findings on the epidemiology of medically important, opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in China and discuss the relevant social, economical reasons and medical factors. Data sources We performed a comprehensive search of both English and Chinese literatures of opportunistic IFIs from China up to April 2012. Study selection Relevant literatures involving researches and cases/case sedes were identified, retrieved and reviewed. Results The incidence of opportunistic IFIs in China was steadily increasing. The incidence and mortality of IFIs were different in patients with various underlying conditions/diseases, from 4.12% to 41.18% and 9.8% to 60.0%, respectively. Candida species, Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans species complex were the most frequent isolated pathogens. Other uncommon opportunistic IFIs were also been reported, including trichosporonosis, mucormycosis, hyalohyphomycosis (hyaline hyphomycetes) and phaeohyphomycosis (dematiaceous hyphomycetes). Reports of Chinese patients differed from those of many other countries as there were a higher number of patients without identifiable underlying diseases/conditions. Conclusions Because of the rapid economic development, changing population structure and a growing number of immunocompromised hosts with risk factors, today opportunistic IFIs in China have a significant impact on public health, associated with high morbidity/mortality and higher care costs. Now information related to the epidemiology of opportunistic IFIs in China is still sparse, so we need more organized groups of clinical scientists performing related researches to help the clinicians to obtain more accurate epidemiological characteristics.
文摘Three antagonistic yeasts, Trichosporon pullulans (Lindner.) Diddens and Lodder, Cryptococcus laurentii (Kuffer.) Skinner and Rhodotorula glutinis (Fresen.) F. C. Harrison, selected from over 50 yeasts on apple fruits, were investigated of their biocontrol efficacy against blue mould rot caused by Penicillium expansum Link in apple fruits. T. pullulans was identified to be a new yeast antagonist and was the most effective at inhibiting blue mould rot in the three yeasts. The effects of different concentrations of the three yeasts and addition Of nutrients, as well as combination with calcium on controlling blue mould rot in apples were presented in the paper. The results indicated that the higher the yeast concentrations, the more effective the yeasts on biocontrol activity. Addition of nutrients reduced the biocontrol capacity of the yeasts. Combination of 0.18 mol/L CaCl2 with C. laurentii cell suspensions could significantly enhance its effect to P. expansum in apple fruits, while the efficacy of calcium on biocontrol activity of T. pullulans or R. glutinis was not remarkable.
基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (KSCX2-YW-G-010); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671473).
文摘The present study was performed mainly to investigate the antagonist-pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits. The antagonistic yeast Cryptococcus laurentii could significantly reduce the brown rot of the sweet cherry fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola at 25 and 1 ℃. The populations of yeast increased faster in the presence of the pathogen initially, but then decreased rapidly. In the fruits inoculated with M. fructicola alone or combined with C. laurentii, an induction of lipid peroxidation as well as activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as, superoxide dismutases (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), was observed. The isoenzyme pattern of polypheno/oxidase (PPO) changed greatly after the symptoms appeared, with new PPO isoforms being induced. By contrast, the induction of lipid peroxidation and activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were low, although no significant changes were found in the PPO isoenzyms in the fruits inoculated with antagonist C. laurentii alone. The inhibition of brown rot during the antagonist- pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits was mainly on account of the stimulated growth of C. laurentii as well as the induction of antioxidant enzymes of the fruits by M. fructicola.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2022YFC2303000(L.W.),2021YFC2300400(L.W.)]the CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(L.W.),and Henan Agricultural University[30900880(Y.Z.),30500946(Y.Z.)].
文摘Background Emerging fungal pathogens pose important threats to global public health. The World Health Organization has responded to the rising threat of traditionally neglected fungal infections by developing a Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL). Taking the highest-ranked fungal pathogen in the FPPL,Cryptococcus neoformans, as a paradigm, we review progress made over the past two decades on its global burden, its clinical manifestation and management of cryptococcal infection, and its antifungal resistance. The purpose of this review is to drive research efforts to improve future diagnoses, therapies, and interventions associated with fungal infections.Methods We first reviewed trends in the global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection, mainly based on a series of systematic studies. We next conducted scoping reviews in accordance with the guidelines described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews using PubMed and ScienceDirect with the keywordCryptococcus neoformans to identify case reports of cryptococcal infections published since 2000. We then reviewed recent updates on the diagnosis and antifungal treatment of cryptococcal infections. Finally, we summarized knowledge regarding the resistance and tolerance ofC. neoformans to approved antifungal drugs.Results There has been a general reduction in the estimated global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis since 2009, probably due to improvements in highly active antiretroviral therapies. However, cryptococcal meningitis still accounts for 19% of AIDS-related deaths annually. The incidences of CM in Europe and North America and the Latin America region have increased by approximately two-fold since 2009, while other regions showed either reduced or stable numbers of cases. Unfortunately, diagnostic and treatment options for cryptococcal infections are limited, and emerging antifungal resistance exacerbates the public health burden.Conclusions The rising threat ofC. neoforma
文摘肺隐球菌病主要因新型隐球菌或格特隐球菌导致的肺部机会性感染,通常发生在免疫功能低下的患者,偶尔发生在免疫功能正常患者,且近年感染率有增加的趋势。肺隐球菌病的流行病学最新发现聚焦在因暴露环境的变化和宿主免疫危险因素的增加所致的爆发性流行。通过对隐球菌的基因结构和功能等分子病理学的研究,进一步提高对隐球菌可塑性和微进化能力的认识。患有肺隐球菌病的免疫抑制患者尤其是艾滋病患者通常存在诊断不足并缺乏适当的治疗,容易导致播散性隐球菌病。免疫正常肺隐球菌病患者常表现为病灶局限,病程自限的特点。肺隐球菌病的临床表现变化较大,从无症状到呼吸衰竭均可发生,影像学根据患者免疫基础不同而呈现出非特异性和多种多样的改变,侧流测定,一种简单、实用、即时、便宜的抗原检测试验,最近已经引入临床作为隐球菌病诊断的方法之一,具有替代乳胶凝集试验的潜力。对于症状严重和病变范围大的肺隐球菌病,治疗上推荐两性霉素 B 联合或者不联合氟胞嘧啶作为诱导治疗,氟康唑巩固和维持治疗;对于无症状至中度症状且病灶局限的肺隐球菌病患者推荐单用氟康唑治疗。