中国目前正在经历快速的人口年龄结构调整,其必会对中国食物消费产生巨大的影响。该文利用中国健康与营养调查(China health and nutrition survey,CHNS)数据,对中国不同年龄居民的消费特征进行了分析,在此基础上,根据生命周期理论与Les...中国目前正在经历快速的人口年龄结构调整,其必会对中国食物消费产生巨大的影响。该文利用中国健康与营养调查(China health and nutrition survey,CHNS)数据,对中国不同年龄居民的消费特征进行了分析,在此基础上,根据生命周期理论与Leslie人口模型,预测2030年前中国各年龄的人口规模,进而判断人口年龄结构变化对中国主要食物消费量的影响。研究结果显示:1)不同年龄段居民的不同类别的食物消费规律明显,大致可分为4种类型:倒"U"型曲线消费(口粮、水产品、白酒)、"U"型曲线消费(牛奶)、阶段性直线消费(肉类3阶段消费规律、禽类2阶段消费规律)、无差异消费(禽蛋)。2)人口年龄结构对中国食物消费总量产生了明显的影响,包括正向影响(口粮、水产品、白酒)、负向影响(肉类、禽类)、先负后正影响(牛奶)、无明显影响(禽蛋)。3)在影响程度上,中国人口年龄结构的演变对肉类、禽类消费量的负向影响最为明显,至2030年,分别达到4.9%与11.2%的程度,对白酒的正向影响也达到8.2%的程度。对口粮、水产品、牛奶的影响程度相对较小,而对禽蛋几乎没有影响。由此可见,人口年龄结构的变化会使中国居民肉类消费需求增长及由此带来的粮食需求压力趋缓。展开更多
A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals includi...A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate （alum） sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal efficiency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids （TSS）, total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD）, total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal efficiencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal efficiencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal efficiency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.展开更多
文摘中国目前正在经历快速的人口年龄结构调整,其必会对中国食物消费产生巨大的影响。该文利用中国健康与营养调查(China health and nutrition survey,CHNS)数据,对中国不同年龄居民的消费特征进行了分析,在此基础上,根据生命周期理论与Leslie人口模型,预测2030年前中国各年龄的人口规模,进而判断人口年龄结构变化对中国主要食物消费量的影响。研究结果显示:1)不同年龄段居民的不同类别的食物消费规律明显,大致可分为4种类型:倒"U"型曲线消费(口粮、水产品、白酒)、"U"型曲线消费(牛奶)、阶段性直线消费(肉类3阶段消费规律、禽类2阶段消费规律)、无差异消费(禽蛋)。2)人口年龄结构对中国食物消费总量产生了明显的影响,包括正向影响(口粮、水产品、白酒)、负向影响(肉类、禽类)、先负后正影响(牛奶)、无明显影响(禽蛋)。3)在影响程度上,中国人口年龄结构的演变对肉类、禽类消费量的负向影响最为明显,至2030年,分别达到4.9%与11.2%的程度,对白酒的正向影响也达到8.2%的程度。对口粮、水产品、牛奶的影响程度相对较小,而对禽蛋几乎没有影响。由此可见,人口年龄结构的变化会使中国居民肉类消费需求增长及由此带来的粮食需求压力趋缓。
基金the Research and Development Fund of the Faculty of Engineering,Burapha University(No.70/2551)for financial supports
文摘A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate （alum） sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal efficiency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids （TSS）, total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD）, total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal efficiencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal efficiencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal efficiency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.
