The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stabilit...The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stability,and water management capability.In this review,we discuss the CL structural characteristics and highlight the latest advancements in ionomer material research.Additionally,we comprehensively introduce the design concepts and exceptional performances of porous electrode ionomers,elaborate on their structural properties and functions within the fuel cell CL,and investigate their effect on the CL microstructure and performance.Finally,we present a prospective evaluation of the developments in the electrode ionomer for fabricating CL,offering valuable insights for designing and synthesizing more efficient electrode ionomer materials.By addressing these facets,this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential of electrode ionomers for enhancing PEMFC performance.展开更多
为研究水导激光技术加工K424高温合金的热损伤区规律,使用自主研发的水导激光加工系统对K424高温合金薄片进行打孔实验,采用旋切法进行钻孔,并在激光穿透材料后在孔壁继续旋转几圈去边缘毛刺。将切下的圆形工件进行镶嵌、打磨、抛光、...为研究水导激光技术加工K424高温合金的热损伤区规律,使用自主研发的水导激光加工系统对K424高温合金薄片进行打孔实验,采用旋切法进行钻孔,并在激光穿透材料后在孔壁继续旋转几圈去边缘毛刺。将切下的圆形工件进行镶嵌、打磨、抛光、腐蚀和清洗,使用Zeiss EVO 10扫描电镜观测工件上的热影响区情况与重铸层的厚度。实验结果发现,水导激光加工后工件边缘位置的晶粒无明显变化,不存在热影响区。重铸层的厚度在2μm以上,但是分布不均匀,有的位置甚至不存在重铸层。分析后得出结论为水导激光的激光功率过高或脉宽时间过长等相关参数会导致材料内部产生多余的热量,如果这些热量过高会造成加工位置附近形成热影响区,并产生过多的熔渣使重铸层的厚度增加。同时,加工过程中会由于水柱变向回流或者熔渣较大导致排水不畅等因素,都会造成水射流的不稳定,使工件切口处的重铸层的厚度变的不均匀。根据上述结论提出了解决水射流不稳定的加工方法。展开更多
Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of t...Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of these laminates,the heat conduction mechanism is more complicated than that of one-layer isotropic media.Analytical solutions are the best ways to study and understand such problems in depth.In this study,different existing analytical solutions for heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials are reviewed and classified in rectangular,cylindrical,spherical,and conical coordinates.Applied boundary conditions,internal heat source,and thermal contact resistance as the most critical parameters in the solution complexity investigated in the literature,are discussed and summarized in different tables.Various types of multi-layer structures such as isotropic,anisotropic,orthotropic,and reinforced laminates are included in this study.It is found that although more than half a century has passed since the beginning of the research on heat transfer in multi-layer composites,new researches that can help with a better understanding in this area are still being offered.The challenges and shortcomings in this area are also discussed to guide future researches.展开更多
This scientific paper presents a study investigating the effects of defects at the CdS/CIGS and CdS/SDL interfaces on the performance of CIGS solar cells. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of def...This scientific paper presents a study investigating the effects of defects at the CdS/CIGS and CdS/SDL interfaces on the performance of CIGS solar cells. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of defects at the interface between the CdS buffer layer and the CIGS absorber, as well as the surface defect layer (SDL), on CIGS solar cell performance. The study explores three key aspects: the impact of the conduction band offset (CBO) at the CdS/CIGS interface, the effects of interface defects and defect density on performance, and the combined influence of CBO and defect density at the CdS/ SDL and SDL/CIGS interfaces. For interface defects not exceeding 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>, we obtained a good efficiency of 22.9% when -0.1 eV analyzing the quality of CdS/SDL and SDL/CIGS junctions, it appears that defects at the SDL/CIGS interface have very little impact on the performances of the CIGS solar cell. By optimizing the electrical parameters of the CdS/SDL interface defects, we achieved a conversion efficiency of 23.1% when -0.05 eV < CBO < 0.05 eV.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.21625102,21971017,and 22102008)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB1506300)Postdoctoral Fund of China(Nos.2020T130055 and 2020M670143).
文摘The electrode ionomer plays a crucial role in the catalyst layer(CL) of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and is closely associated with the proton conduction and gas transport properties,structural stability,and water management capability.In this review,we discuss the CL structural characteristics and highlight the latest advancements in ionomer material research.Additionally,we comprehensively introduce the design concepts and exceptional performances of porous electrode ionomers,elaborate on their structural properties and functions within the fuel cell CL,and investigate their effect on the CL microstructure and performance.Finally,we present a prospective evaluation of the developments in the electrode ionomer for fabricating CL,offering valuable insights for designing and synthesizing more efficient electrode ionomer materials.By addressing these facets,this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential of electrode ionomers for enhancing PEMFC performance.
文摘为研究水导激光技术加工K424高温合金的热损伤区规律,使用自主研发的水导激光加工系统对K424高温合金薄片进行打孔实验,采用旋切法进行钻孔,并在激光穿透材料后在孔壁继续旋转几圈去边缘毛刺。将切下的圆形工件进行镶嵌、打磨、抛光、腐蚀和清洗,使用Zeiss EVO 10扫描电镜观测工件上的热影响区情况与重铸层的厚度。实验结果发现,水导激光加工后工件边缘位置的晶粒无明显变化,不存在热影响区。重铸层的厚度在2μm以上,但是分布不均匀,有的位置甚至不存在重铸层。分析后得出结论为水导激光的激光功率过高或脉宽时间过长等相关参数会导致材料内部产生多余的热量,如果这些热量过高会造成加工位置附近形成热影响区,并产生过多的熔渣使重铸层的厚度增加。同时,加工过程中会由于水柱变向回流或者熔渣较大导致排水不畅等因素,都会造成水射流的不稳定,使工件切口处的重铸层的厚度变的不均匀。根据上述结论提出了解决水射流不稳定的加工方法。
基金financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52025061 and No.51961130386)the financial support from the Royal Society-Newton Advanced Fellowship grant(NAF\R1\191163).
文摘Heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems in many industrial applications.Due to different materials types,interface conditions,and various geometries of these laminates,the heat conduction mechanism is more complicated than that of one-layer isotropic media.Analytical solutions are the best ways to study and understand such problems in depth.In this study,different existing analytical solutions for heat conduction in multi-layer and composite materials are reviewed and classified in rectangular,cylindrical,spherical,and conical coordinates.Applied boundary conditions,internal heat source,and thermal contact resistance as the most critical parameters in the solution complexity investigated in the literature,are discussed and summarized in different tables.Various types of multi-layer structures such as isotropic,anisotropic,orthotropic,and reinforced laminates are included in this study.It is found that although more than half a century has passed since the beginning of the research on heat transfer in multi-layer composites,new researches that can help with a better understanding in this area are still being offered.The challenges and shortcomings in this area are also discussed to guide future researches.
文摘This scientific paper presents a study investigating the effects of defects at the CdS/CIGS and CdS/SDL interfaces on the performance of CIGS solar cells. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of defects at the interface between the CdS buffer layer and the CIGS absorber, as well as the surface defect layer (SDL), on CIGS solar cell performance. The study explores three key aspects: the impact of the conduction band offset (CBO) at the CdS/CIGS interface, the effects of interface defects and defect density on performance, and the combined influence of CBO and defect density at the CdS/ SDL and SDL/CIGS interfaces. For interface defects not exceeding 10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>, we obtained a good efficiency of 22.9% when -0.1 eV analyzing the quality of CdS/SDL and SDL/CIGS junctions, it appears that defects at the SDL/CIGS interface have very little impact on the performances of the CIGS solar cell. By optimizing the electrical parameters of the CdS/SDL interface defects, we achieved a conversion efficiency of 23.1% when -0.05 eV < CBO < 0.05 eV.
