The growth of renewable energy has accelerated globally toward a low-carbon economy since the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016.As a result of the increase of variable renewable energy(VRE),namely solar PV an...The growth of renewable energy has accelerated globally toward a low-carbon economy since the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016.As a result of the increase of variable renewable energy(VRE),namely solar PV and wind,power systems require more flexibility from conventional power plants with less power generation to regulate increased variability.There are sources of flexibility other than conventional power plants,including enhanced power networks,storage capacity and demand response.To maximize economic utilization of VRE power generation,it is necessary to use the flexibility potential from all these sources.In Japan,the share of VRE has increased since the introduction of a feed-in tariff(FIT)and,in parallel,power market reform is underway.Japan has a unique power system of nine grids connected like a fish bone,making the uptake of an increasing share of VRE challenging.This paper assesses the value of flexibility by source in Japan’s power system in 2030.An analysis of different VRE scenarios is undertaken based on a newly developed production cost model.The result of the simulation shows the quantitative impact of each source of flexibility to the generation cost and VRE curtailment and demonstrates the mechanism by which flexibility works to impact VRE curtailment.展开更多
Software reliability is defined as the probability of the failure-free operation of a software system for a specified period of time in a specified environment. Traditional approaches for software reliability analysis...Software reliability is defined as the probability of the failure-free operation of a software system for a specified period of time in a specified environment. Traditional approaches for software reliability analysis are black box approaches. These approaches use the software as a whole. At present, main emphasis of software is on reuse, hence component based software applications came into existence. Black box models are not appropriate for these applications. This paper introduces some significant factors for reliability estimation of Component Based Software Applications. Reliability of Component Based Software Application depends upon these factors. This paper?also gives the definition of factors and explains its relation with reliability of software application.展开更多
文摘The growth of renewable energy has accelerated globally toward a low-carbon economy since the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016.As a result of the increase of variable renewable energy(VRE),namely solar PV and wind,power systems require more flexibility from conventional power plants with less power generation to regulate increased variability.There are sources of flexibility other than conventional power plants,including enhanced power networks,storage capacity and demand response.To maximize economic utilization of VRE power generation,it is necessary to use the flexibility potential from all these sources.In Japan,the share of VRE has increased since the introduction of a feed-in tariff(FIT)and,in parallel,power market reform is underway.Japan has a unique power system of nine grids connected like a fish bone,making the uptake of an increasing share of VRE challenging.This paper assesses the value of flexibility by source in Japan’s power system in 2030.An analysis of different VRE scenarios is undertaken based on a newly developed production cost model.The result of the simulation shows the quantitative impact of each source of flexibility to the generation cost and VRE curtailment and demonstrates the mechanism by which flexibility works to impact VRE curtailment.
文摘Software reliability is defined as the probability of the failure-free operation of a software system for a specified period of time in a specified environment. Traditional approaches for software reliability analysis are black box approaches. These approaches use the software as a whole. At present, main emphasis of software is on reuse, hence component based software applications came into existence. Black box models are not appropriate for these applications. This paper introduces some significant factors for reliability estimation of Component Based Software Applications. Reliability of Component Based Software Application depends upon these factors. This paper?also gives the definition of factors and explains its relation with reliability of software application.
