Among-population differences in morphology and behaviors such as boldness have been shown to co-vary with eco- logical conditions, including predation regime. However, between- and within-population covariation of pre...Among-population differences in morphology and behaviors such as boldness have been shown to co-vary with eco- logical conditions, including predation regime. However, between- and within-population covariation of predator defense mor- phology with variation in behaviors relevant to ecology and evolution （boldness, exploration, activity, sociability and aggressive- ness, often defined as personality traits when they are consistent across time and contexts） have never been quantified together in a single study in juvenile fish from populations found in contrasting environments. We measured predator defense morphology differences between adults from two freshwater populations of threespine sticklebacks with different ecological conditions. We then quantified five behaviors in juveniles from both populations raised in a common environment. Wild-caught adults showed significant differences in predator defense morphology. One population had significantly lower lateral plate number, shorter dorsal spine, pelvic spine and pelvic girdle. Furthermore, 61% of individuals from that population showed an absence of pelvic spine and girdle. At the population level, we found that differences in defense morphology in adults between the two lakes were coupled with differences in behaviors in juveniles raised in a common environment. Levels of activity, aggressiveness and boldness were higher in juveniles from the population lacking predator defense structures. At the individual level, anti-predator morphology of adult females could not predict their offspring＇s behavior, but juvenile coloration predicted individual boldness in a popula- tion-specific manner. Our results suggest that ecological conditions, as reflected in adult predator defense morphology, also affect juvenile behavior in threespine sticklebacks, resulting in trait co-specialization, and that there is a genetic or epigenetic compo- nent to these behavioral differences [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 53-65, 2012].展开更多
Biostratigraphy has remained a tool for basin and environmental reconstruction in sedimentology. This study aims to further delineate and classify the lithology, environment of deposition, and the biozonation of micro...Biostratigraphy has remained a tool for basin and environmental reconstruction in sedimentology. This study aims to further delineate and classify the lithology, environment of deposition, and the biozonation of microorganisms found in the studied well. Thirty-four (34) ditch cutting samples from OMA well, offshore Dahomey Basin, were considered for their textural and palynomorphs/palynofacies characterization. The samples were observed and processed according to the standard palynological procedure for geologic samples using hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid digestion. The stratigraphic sequence of the well ranges from shale to sandstone to argillaceous sandstone. The shales appear highly fissile and laminated in all shades of grey and black while the sandstone colour ranges from light-grey/brown to brown and very deep brown. The sandstone contains some mica flakes and likely pyrites in fine-medium, sub-angular to rounded grains. A total of 28 diverse palynomorphs were reported from the palynological analysis with low abundance. The low recovery of pollens was likely due to limited terrestrial influence and the reasonable amount of dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminifera wall present indicated a marginal marine to a distal offshore environment. Two zones correlated for this study are Danea mutabilis (Early Paleocene) and Dinogymnium euclaense (Upper Maastrichtian) zones. Palynomaceral classifications through visual, microscopic kerogen assessment resulted in high preservation of organic matter which suggests a reducing environment of deposition. The dominances of 48% amorphous (I), and 36% exinite (II), with a considerable amount of the 5% vitrinite (III), and 11% inertinite (IV) kerogen types, indicate that the organic matter is mainly sapropelic and mixed humic-sapropelic types which are favorable for hydrocarbon generation and primarily of marine origin. The spores/pollen colour ranges from light yellow/brown, brown transitioning into darker brown on a scale of 4/5 transitioning to 5/6. Medium degree of m展开更多
文摘Among-population differences in morphology and behaviors such as boldness have been shown to co-vary with eco- logical conditions, including predation regime. However, between- and within-population covariation of predator defense mor- phology with variation in behaviors relevant to ecology and evolution （boldness, exploration, activity, sociability and aggressive- ness, often defined as personality traits when they are consistent across time and contexts） have never been quantified together in a single study in juvenile fish from populations found in contrasting environments. We measured predator defense morphology differences between adults from two freshwater populations of threespine sticklebacks with different ecological conditions. We then quantified five behaviors in juveniles from both populations raised in a common environment. Wild-caught adults showed significant differences in predator defense morphology. One population had significantly lower lateral plate number, shorter dorsal spine, pelvic spine and pelvic girdle. Furthermore, 61% of individuals from that population showed an absence of pelvic spine and girdle. At the population level, we found that differences in defense morphology in adults between the two lakes were coupled with differences in behaviors in juveniles raised in a common environment. Levels of activity, aggressiveness and boldness were higher in juveniles from the population lacking predator defense structures. At the individual level, anti-predator morphology of adult females could not predict their offspring＇s behavior, but juvenile coloration predicted individual boldness in a popula- tion-specific manner. Our results suggest that ecological conditions, as reflected in adult predator defense morphology, also affect juvenile behavior in threespine sticklebacks, resulting in trait co-specialization, and that there is a genetic or epigenetic compo- nent to these behavioral differences [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 53-65, 2012].
文摘Biostratigraphy has remained a tool for basin and environmental reconstruction in sedimentology. This study aims to further delineate and classify the lithology, environment of deposition, and the biozonation of microorganisms found in the studied well. Thirty-four (34) ditch cutting samples from OMA well, offshore Dahomey Basin, were considered for their textural and palynomorphs/palynofacies characterization. The samples were observed and processed according to the standard palynological procedure for geologic samples using hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid digestion. The stratigraphic sequence of the well ranges from shale to sandstone to argillaceous sandstone. The shales appear highly fissile and laminated in all shades of grey and black while the sandstone colour ranges from light-grey/brown to brown and very deep brown. The sandstone contains some mica flakes and likely pyrites in fine-medium, sub-angular to rounded grains. A total of 28 diverse palynomorphs were reported from the palynological analysis with low abundance. The low recovery of pollens was likely due to limited terrestrial influence and the reasonable amount of dinoflagellate cysts and microforaminifera wall present indicated a marginal marine to a distal offshore environment. Two zones correlated for this study are Danea mutabilis (Early Paleocene) and Dinogymnium euclaense (Upper Maastrichtian) zones. Palynomaceral classifications through visual, microscopic kerogen assessment resulted in high preservation of organic matter which suggests a reducing environment of deposition. The dominances of 48% amorphous (I), and 36% exinite (II), with a considerable amount of the 5% vitrinite (III), and 11% inertinite (IV) kerogen types, indicate that the organic matter is mainly sapropelic and mixed humic-sapropelic types which are favorable for hydrocarbon generation and primarily of marine origin. The spores/pollen colour ranges from light yellow/brown, brown transitioning into darker brown on a scale of 4/5 transitioning to 5/6. Medium degree of m
