Traffic count is the fundamental data source for transportation planning, management, design, and effectiveness evaluation. Recording traffic flow and counting from the recorded videos are increasingly used due to con...Traffic count is the fundamental data source for transportation planning, management, design, and effectiveness evaluation. Recording traffic flow and counting from the recorded videos are increasingly used due to convenience, high accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. Manual counting from pre-recorded video footage can be prone to inconsistencies and errors, leading to inaccurate counts. Besides, there are no standard guidelines for collecting video data and conducting manual counts from the recorded videos. This paper aims to comprehensively assess the accuracy of manual counts from pre-recorded videos and introduces guidelines for efficiently collecting video data and conducting manual counts by trained individuals. The accuracy assessment of the manual counts was conducted based on repeated counts, and the guidelines were provided from the experience of conducting a traffic survey on forty strip mall access points in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. The percentage of total error, classification error, and interval error were found to be 1.05 percent, 1.08 percent, and 1.29 percent, respectively. Besides, the percent root mean square errors (RMSE) were found to be 1.13 percent, 1.21 percent, and 1.48 percent, respectively. Guidelines were provided for selecting survey sites, instruments and timeframe, fieldwork, and manual counts for an efficient traffic data collection survey.展开更多
传统的多标签学习算法一般没有考虑标签的不均衡性,从而忽略了标签不平衡给分类带来的影响。但统计发现,目前常用的多标签数据集均存在标签不均衡问题,且少数类标签往往更加重要。基于此,本文提出了一种基于分类间隔增强的不平衡多标签...传统的多标签学习算法一般没有考虑标签的不均衡性,从而忽略了标签不平衡给分类带来的影响。但统计发现,目前常用的多标签数据集均存在标签不均衡问题,且少数类标签往往更加重要。基于此,本文提出了一种基于分类间隔增强的不平衡多标签学习算法(Imbalanced multi-label learning algorithm based on classification interval enhanced,MLCIE),旨在利用各标签分类间隔的重构来增强分类器对少数类标签样本的学习效率,提升样本标签质量,从而减少多标签不平衡对分类器学习精度的影响。首先利用各标签密度与条件熵计算各标签的不确定性系数;然后构建分类间隔增强矩阵,将各标签独有的密度信息融入到原始标签矩阵中,获取平衡的标签空间;最后使用极限学习机作为线性分类器进行分类。本文在11个多标签标准数据集上与其他7种多标签学习算法进行对比实验,结果表明本文算法在解决标签不平衡问题上有一定效果。展开更多
With the improved knowledge on clinical relevance and more convenient access to the patientreported outcome data,clinical researchers prefer to adopt minimal clinically important difference(MCID)rather than statistica...With the improved knowledge on clinical relevance and more convenient access to the patientreported outcome data,clinical researchers prefer to adopt minimal clinically important difference(MCID)rather than statistical significance as a testing standard to examine the effectiveness of certain intervention or treatment in clinical trials.A practical method to determining the MCID is based on the diagnostic measurement.By using this approach,the MCID can be formulated as the solution of a large margin classification problem.However,this method only produces the point estimation,hence lacks ways to evaluate its performance.In this paper,we introduce an m-out-of-n bootstrap approach which provides the interval estimations for MCID and its classification error,an associated accuracy measure for performance assessment.A variety of extensive simulation studies are implemented to show the advantages of our proposed method.Analysis of the chondral lesions and meniscus procedures(ChAMP)trial is our motivating example and is used to illustrate our method.展开更多
文摘Traffic count is the fundamental data source for transportation planning, management, design, and effectiveness evaluation. Recording traffic flow and counting from the recorded videos are increasingly used due to convenience, high accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. Manual counting from pre-recorded video footage can be prone to inconsistencies and errors, leading to inaccurate counts. Besides, there are no standard guidelines for collecting video data and conducting manual counts from the recorded videos. This paper aims to comprehensively assess the accuracy of manual counts from pre-recorded videos and introduces guidelines for efficiently collecting video data and conducting manual counts by trained individuals. The accuracy assessment of the manual counts was conducted based on repeated counts, and the guidelines were provided from the experience of conducting a traffic survey on forty strip mall access points in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. The percentage of total error, classification error, and interval error were found to be 1.05 percent, 1.08 percent, and 1.29 percent, respectively. Besides, the percent root mean square errors (RMSE) were found to be 1.13 percent, 1.21 percent, and 1.48 percent, respectively. Guidelines were provided for selecting survey sites, instruments and timeframe, fieldwork, and manual counts for an efficient traffic data collection survey.
文摘传统的多标签学习算法一般没有考虑标签的不均衡性,从而忽略了标签不平衡给分类带来的影响。但统计发现,目前常用的多标签数据集均存在标签不均衡问题,且少数类标签往往更加重要。基于此,本文提出了一种基于分类间隔增强的不平衡多标签学习算法(Imbalanced multi-label learning algorithm based on classification interval enhanced,MLCIE),旨在利用各标签分类间隔的重构来增强分类器对少数类标签样本的学习效率,提升样本标签质量,从而减少多标签不平衡对分类器学习精度的影响。首先利用各标签密度与条件熵计算各标签的不确定性系数;然后构建分类间隔增强矩阵,将各标签独有的密度信息融入到原始标签矩阵中,获取平衡的标签空间;最后使用极限学习机作为线性分类器进行分类。本文在11个多标签标准数据集上与其他7种多标签学习算法进行对比实验,结果表明本文算法在解决标签不平衡问题上有一定效果。
基金supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number UL1TR001412.
文摘With the improved knowledge on clinical relevance and more convenient access to the patientreported outcome data,clinical researchers prefer to adopt minimal clinically important difference(MCID)rather than statistical significance as a testing standard to examine the effectiveness of certain intervention or treatment in clinical trials.A practical method to determining the MCID is based on the diagnostic measurement.By using this approach,the MCID can be formulated as the solution of a large margin classification problem.However,this method only produces the point estimation,hence lacks ways to evaluate its performance.In this paper,we introduce an m-out-of-n bootstrap approach which provides the interval estimations for MCID and its classification error,an associated accuracy measure for performance assessment.A variety of extensive simulation studies are implemented to show the advantages of our proposed method.Analysis of the chondral lesions and meniscus procedures(ChAMP)trial is our motivating example and is used to illustrate our method.
