The practice of medicine in Muslim nations dates to the millennia before the advent of the religion of Islam. As far as the pre-Islamic period is concerned, what evidence is available indicates the medical evolution b...The practice of medicine in Muslim nations dates to the millennia before the advent of the religion of Islam. As far as the pre-Islamic period is concerned, what evidence is available indicates the medical evolution began nearly 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia, where medicine for the first time in history became a recognised profession. In ancient Egypt, it was practised by priest-physicians who demonstrated astonishing knowledge in various medical subjects. The origins of medicine in ancient Persia (Afghanistan, Iran, and parts of Central Asia) span the 6<sup>th</sup> century B.C. and to the Zoroastrian religious book of Avesta, which delved into such topics as preventive and clinical medicine. In reference to the account of medicine in the Arab peninsula, limited information exists. In terms of post-Islamic ages, the foundations of Islamic science were laid during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur, and the establishment of Baghdad as its capital in 762 A.D., when the Arabic translation movement commenced. During the next six centuries, medicine and other fields of science flourished, and prominent physicians such as the Bukht Yishu family, Razī, Majūsī, Avicenna, Jorjanī, Al-Zahrāwī, and other scientists emerged. In both the pre- and post-Islamic ages, Islamic medicine was heavily influenced by Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and, predominantly, Greek medicine. Nevertheless, the advancements and innovations in medical science and healthcare systems that were achieved during the early and medieval Islamic ages have indubitably made an invaluable contribution to the evolution of medicine throughout the world, and to the invention of numerous procedures and practices which are still widely performed today. Hence, the value of comprehending the pivotal role Islamic medicine played (and indeed still plays) in the progression of medical practice across the globe cannot be overstated.展开更多
With the development of many years,Kunlun culture has been the convergence of both material and spiritual civilisation in human society. Kunlun culture is very prominent throughout the traditional Chinese culture, for...With the development of many years,Kunlun culture has been the convergence of both material and spiritual civilisation in human society. Kunlun culture is very prominent throughout the traditional Chinese culture, for it enjoys a long history and is closely related to the traditional Chinese culture. As the origin, soul and form of the traditional Chinese culture,Kunlun culture plays a vital role in enhancing the identity and cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, improving China's cultural soft power and national confidence and boosting the development of"Silk Road Economic Belt".展开更多
Aeolian loess deposits contain abundant information about the evolution of the paleoenvironment.For example,paleoclimate changes recorded in Chinese loess area obtained significant achievement in the past few decades....Aeolian loess deposits contain abundant information about the evolution of the paleoenvironment.For example,paleoclimate changes recorded in Chinese loess area obtained significant achievement in the past few decades.Compared to Chinese loess,research on Indian loess is lacking.Currently,most studies focus on the Kashmir area located in the southern Himalayas,and studies on other areas are rare.However,field observations demonstrate that the sediments around the New Delhi-Agra-Jaipur Plain are similar to Chinese loess-paleosol sequences.For example,the boundary between two strata is transitional and without horizontal bedding.Moreover,obvious pedogenic horizons developed among sediment sequences,probably indicating unrecognised aeolian deposits in the Indo-Gangetic Plain(IGP).To confirm this,pilot samples were obtained from the IGP and detailed indoor measurements conducted.The results indicate that the distribution patterns of particle size and rare earth elements(REE) of the pilot samples are similar to Chinese loess.Furthermore,the scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) images of pilot samples show obvious conchoidal fractures,dash-shaped concavities,and abundant small pits that usually form through mechanical impact.These are typical characteristics of aeolian particles.In addition,environmental and rock magnetic measurements indicate that the dominant magnetic minerals in the pilot samples are magnetite and maghemite,and that they likely contain small amounts of hematite.Furthermore,conventional magnetic parameters are comparable with Chinese loess.Based on this,aeolian loess deposits are widely distributed in the IGP,which may have promoted the development of Indian farming and contributed towards the prosperity of ancient Indian civilisation.This study also provides a new and valuable record for the research on paleoclimate changes in the study area in the future.展开更多
The khettaras constitute a hydraulic system for mobilising water by gravity from the water table to the surface to irrigate felds in oases.This system,which has been fairly widespread in North Africa,in particular in ...The khettaras constitute a hydraulic system for mobilising water by gravity from the water table to the surface to irrigate felds in oases.This system,which has been fairly widespread in North Africa,in particular in Algeria(foggara)and Morocco(khettaras),was introduced several centuries ago in the oases of southeastern Morocco and has contin‑ued to operate despite various natural and anthropic constraints.Based on these ingenious and millennial hydraulic systems,successive civilisations living in these environments have been able to establish laws and regulations for the management and mobilisation of natural resources,especially water.Indeed,to get the most out of these systems,users have had to abide by rules(Al Orf/Azref)designed to protect,promote,and care for the systems to enhance their sustainability.These hydraulic systems have declined in recent years,notably due to extensive groundwater pumping,climate variability(severe droughts),and the local population’s disinterest for this type of development.Therefore,we have unfortunately witnessed the loss of a thousand-year-old local ancestral know-how that had been developed by diferent succeeding civilisations in the area.Recent initiatives(2008–2011)have been undertaken by the Moroccan government for the restoration and development of some abandoned khettaras in the Taflalet Oasis so that they could be utilised in the development of an oasis-based cultural tourism and integrated in a tourist circuit known as Majhoul.This initiative,still in its infancy,has constituted an alternative and a fairly encouraging development for this national and world heritage.展开更多
Ecological civilisation construction is a strategy for regional sustainable development based on a regional system of human-land relations. The comprehensive measurement and regional differentiation in construction le...Ecological civilisation construction is a strategy for regional sustainable development based on a regional system of human-land relations. The comprehensive measurement and regional differentiation in construction levels are the key issues of ecological civilisation construction. This study aims to build 35 index systems that coalesce on four aspects: ecological economic adjustment and operation, ecological and social development and progress, ecological resources and environmental security, and ecological institutional and cultural awareness. We measured and evaluated the level of ecological civilisation construction of 329 cities(prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures and leagues) in 2018 using a comprehensive evaluation system and a spatial autocorrelation method to assess spatial differences in the level of ecological civilisation construction across China. This approach takes ‘the humanities-economic geography’ comprehensive perspective and uses a GWR(geographically weighted regression) model to analyse 10 influencing factors. Results show that: 1) the level of ecological construction can be divided into five types: higher, high, medium, low, and lower levels, according to the evaluation score. The five types are spindle-shaped in quantity and there is a significant imbalance in their spatial distribution, mainly trending from the southeast coast to the northwest. The land is decreasing, and the southern region is higher in level than the northern region. 2) The results of the spatial autocorrelation method show obvious spatial differences in ecological civilisation construction across China and that the level of ecological civilisation construction is positively autocorrelated. From east to west, the hot zone gradually transitions to a cold zone. A high-high type is mainly distributed in eastern coastal cities of China, and the number of high-low and low-high types are small. The low-low type is mainly distributed in the northwestern and northeastern regions. 3) The effect of influencing facto展开更多
文摘The practice of medicine in Muslim nations dates to the millennia before the advent of the religion of Islam. As far as the pre-Islamic period is concerned, what evidence is available indicates the medical evolution began nearly 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia, where medicine for the first time in history became a recognised profession. In ancient Egypt, it was practised by priest-physicians who demonstrated astonishing knowledge in various medical subjects. The origins of medicine in ancient Persia (Afghanistan, Iran, and parts of Central Asia) span the 6<sup>th</sup> century B.C. and to the Zoroastrian religious book of Avesta, which delved into such topics as preventive and clinical medicine. In reference to the account of medicine in the Arab peninsula, limited information exists. In terms of post-Islamic ages, the foundations of Islamic science were laid during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur, and the establishment of Baghdad as its capital in 762 A.D., when the Arabic translation movement commenced. During the next six centuries, medicine and other fields of science flourished, and prominent physicians such as the Bukht Yishu family, Razī, Majūsī, Avicenna, Jorjanī, Al-Zahrāwī, and other scientists emerged. In both the pre- and post-Islamic ages, Islamic medicine was heavily influenced by Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Persian, Indian, and, predominantly, Greek medicine. Nevertheless, the advancements and innovations in medical science and healthcare systems that were achieved during the early and medieval Islamic ages have indubitably made an invaluable contribution to the evolution of medicine throughout the world, and to the invention of numerous procedures and practices which are still widely performed today. Hence, the value of comprehending the pivotal role Islamic medicine played (and indeed still plays) in the progression of medical practice across the globe cannot be overstated.
文摘With the development of many years,Kunlun culture has been the convergence of both material and spiritual civilisation in human society. Kunlun culture is very prominent throughout the traditional Chinese culture, for it enjoys a long history and is closely related to the traditional Chinese culture. As the origin, soul and form of the traditional Chinese culture,Kunlun culture plays a vital role in enhancing the identity and cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, improving China's cultural soft power and national confidence and boosting the development of"Silk Road Economic Belt".
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41210002,U1405231&41602185)
文摘Aeolian loess deposits contain abundant information about the evolution of the paleoenvironment.For example,paleoclimate changes recorded in Chinese loess area obtained significant achievement in the past few decades.Compared to Chinese loess,research on Indian loess is lacking.Currently,most studies focus on the Kashmir area located in the southern Himalayas,and studies on other areas are rare.However,field observations demonstrate that the sediments around the New Delhi-Agra-Jaipur Plain are similar to Chinese loess-paleosol sequences.For example,the boundary between two strata is transitional and without horizontal bedding.Moreover,obvious pedogenic horizons developed among sediment sequences,probably indicating unrecognised aeolian deposits in the Indo-Gangetic Plain(IGP).To confirm this,pilot samples were obtained from the IGP and detailed indoor measurements conducted.The results indicate that the distribution patterns of particle size and rare earth elements(REE) of the pilot samples are similar to Chinese loess.Furthermore,the scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) images of pilot samples show obvious conchoidal fractures,dash-shaped concavities,and abundant small pits that usually form through mechanical impact.These are typical characteristics of aeolian particles.In addition,environmental and rock magnetic measurements indicate that the dominant magnetic minerals in the pilot samples are magnetite and maghemite,and that they likely contain small amounts of hematite.Furthermore,conventional magnetic parameters are comparable with Chinese loess.Based on this,aeolian loess deposits are widely distributed in the IGP,which may have promoted the development of Indian farming and contributed towards the prosperity of ancient Indian civilisation.This study also provides a new and valuable record for the research on paleoclimate changes in the study area in the future.
文摘The khettaras constitute a hydraulic system for mobilising water by gravity from the water table to the surface to irrigate felds in oases.This system,which has been fairly widespread in North Africa,in particular in Algeria(foggara)and Morocco(khettaras),was introduced several centuries ago in the oases of southeastern Morocco and has contin‑ued to operate despite various natural and anthropic constraints.Based on these ingenious and millennial hydraulic systems,successive civilisations living in these environments have been able to establish laws and regulations for the management and mobilisation of natural resources,especially water.Indeed,to get the most out of these systems,users have had to abide by rules(Al Orf/Azref)designed to protect,promote,and care for the systems to enhance their sustainability.These hydraulic systems have declined in recent years,notably due to extensive groundwater pumping,climate variability(severe droughts),and the local population’s disinterest for this type of development.Therefore,we have unfortunately witnessed the loss of a thousand-year-old local ancestral know-how that had been developed by diferent succeeding civilisations in the area.Recent initiatives(2008–2011)have been undertaken by the Moroccan government for the restoration and development of some abandoned khettaras in the Taflalet Oasis so that they could be utilised in the development of an oasis-based cultural tourism and integrated in a tourist circuit known as Majhoul.This initiative,still in its infancy,has constituted an alternative and a fairly encouraging development for this national and world heritage.
基金the auspices of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.19CGL070)。
文摘Ecological civilisation construction is a strategy for regional sustainable development based on a regional system of human-land relations. The comprehensive measurement and regional differentiation in construction levels are the key issues of ecological civilisation construction. This study aims to build 35 index systems that coalesce on four aspects: ecological economic adjustment and operation, ecological and social development and progress, ecological resources and environmental security, and ecological institutional and cultural awareness. We measured and evaluated the level of ecological civilisation construction of 329 cities(prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures and leagues) in 2018 using a comprehensive evaluation system and a spatial autocorrelation method to assess spatial differences in the level of ecological civilisation construction across China. This approach takes ‘the humanities-economic geography’ comprehensive perspective and uses a GWR(geographically weighted regression) model to analyse 10 influencing factors. Results show that: 1) the level of ecological construction can be divided into five types: higher, high, medium, low, and lower levels, according to the evaluation score. The five types are spindle-shaped in quantity and there is a significant imbalance in their spatial distribution, mainly trending from the southeast coast to the northwest. The land is decreasing, and the southern region is higher in level than the northern region. 2) The results of the spatial autocorrelation method show obvious spatial differences in ecological civilisation construction across China and that the level of ecological civilisation construction is positively autocorrelated. From east to west, the hot zone gradually transitions to a cold zone. A high-high type is mainly distributed in eastern coastal cities of China, and the number of high-low and low-high types are small. The low-low type is mainly distributed in the northwestern and northeastern regions. 3) The effect of influencing facto
