Objective:To obtain Iuteolin and apigenin rich fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon(L.)(C.dactylon) Pers and evaluate the fraction's cytotoxicity and anti-Chikungunya potential using Vero cells....Objective:To obtain Iuteolin and apigenin rich fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon(L.)(C.dactylon) Pers and evaluate the fraction's cytotoxicity and anti-Chikungunya potential using Vero cells.Methods:The ethanolic extract of C.dactylon was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain anti-chikungunya virus(CHIKV) fraction.Reverse phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies were carried out to identily the major phytochemicals in the fraction using phylochemical standards.Cytotoxicity and the potential of the fraction against CHIKV were evaluated in vitro using Vero cells.Reduction in viral replication was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) after treating the viral infected Vero cells with the fraction.Results:Reverse Phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies confirmed the presence of flavonoids,luteolin and apigenin as major phytochemicals in the anti-CHIKV ethanolic fraction of C.dactylon- The fraction was found to exhibit potent viral inhibitory activity(about 98%) at the concentration of 50 μg/mL as observed by reduction in cytopathic effect,and the cytotoxic concentration of the fraction was found to be 250 μg/mL.RT-PCR analyses indicated that the reduction in viral mRNA synthesis in fraction treated infected cells was much higher than the viral infected control cells.Conclusions:Luteolin and apigenin rich ethanolic fraction from C.dactylon can be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection as the fraction does not show cytotoxicity while inhibiting the virus.展开更多
Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently...Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently, re-emergence of Chikungunya viral infection harmed many in Asian and African countries. Chikungunya was considered as a major threat in developing and underdeveloped countries; the recent epidemiological outbreak of Chikungunya in La Reunion urges the global researchers to develop effective vaccine against this viral disease. In this review, Chikungunya, pathogenesis and epidemiology were briefly described.展开更多
Objective:To develop diagnostic test for detection chikungunya virus(CHIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) infection.Methods:We have performed a rapid,accurate laboratory confirmative method to simultaneously detect,quantify ...Objective:To develop diagnostic test for detection chikungunya virus(CHIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) infection.Methods:We have performed a rapid,accurate laboratory confirmative method to simultaneously detect,quantify and differentiate CHIKV and DENV infection by single-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR.Results:The assay’s sensitivity was 97.65%,specificity was 92.59% and accuracy was 95.82%when compared to conventional RT-PCR.Additionally,there was no cross-reaction between CHIKV,DENV,Japanese encephalitis virus,hepatitis C,hepatitis A or hepatitis E virus.Conclusions:This rapid and reliable assay provides a means for simultaneous early diagnosis of CHIKV and DENV in a single-step reaction.展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),transmitted by arthropods,has gained global recognition for its impact on public health.It has expanded globally,including Africa,Asia,and the Indian subcontinent,and has a helicase protein in...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),transmitted by arthropods,has gained global recognition for its impact on public health.It has expanded globally,including Africa,Asia,and the Indian subcontinent,and has a helicase protein in its genome that is crucial for its replication.Thus,the study targeted the helicase protein of CHIKV with 745 antiviral compounds using an ML-based QSAR model and molecular docking.Top binders(5279172,78161839,6474310,and 5330286)were selected for MD simulation based on the control(Silvestrol).All compounds had the highest binding scores,with 78161839 showing the most consistent RMSD and the least conformational variation,indicating high stability.It also showed the lowest binding free energy(ΔG¼31.31 kcal/mol),indicating energetically favourable binding.PCA and FEL also depicted the stable complex confirmation of the protein and 78161839 complex during the 100 ns simulation.Overall,this study aimed to identify helicase function antiviral binders that could be experimentally tested for treating CHIKV.展开更多
Chikungunya fever(CF)is caused by an arbovirus whose manifestations are extremely diverse,and it has evolved with significant severity in recent years.The clinical signs triggered by the Chikungunya virus are similar ...Chikungunya fever(CF)is caused by an arbovirus whose manifestations are extremely diverse,and it has evolved with significant severity in recent years.The clinical signs triggered by the Chikungunya virus are similar to those of other arboviruses.Generally,fever starts abruptly and reaches high levels,followed by severe polyarthralgia and myalgia,as well as an erythematous or petechial maculopapular rash,varying in severity and extent.Around 40%to 60%of affected individuals report persistent arthralgia,which can last from months to years.The symptoms of CF mainly represent the tissue tropism of the virus rather than the immunopathogenesis triggered by the host's immune system.The main mechanisms associated with arthralgia have been linked to an increase in T helper type 17 cells and a consequent increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Βligand and bone resorption.This review suggests that persistent arthralgia results from the presence of viral antigens post-infection and the constant activation of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 in synovial macrophages,leading to local infiltration of CD4+T cells,which sustains the inflammatory process in the joints through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The term"long chikungunya"was used in this review to refer to persistent arthralgia since,due to its manifestation over long periods after the end of the viral infection,this clinical condition seems to be characterized more as a sequel than as a symptom,given that there is no active infection involved.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of nilavembu kudineer choornam (EENKC) in inflammation,pain and fever using animal models to support its actions.Methods: Acute toxicity study of EENKC was pe...Objective:To investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of nilavembu kudineer choornam (EENKC) in inflammation,pain and fever using animal models to support its actions.Methods: Acute toxicity study of EENKC was performed in mice to fix the effective dose.The antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EENKC was evaluated in brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats,carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and acetic-acid induced writhing in mice model.Results:Acute toxicity revealed that EENKC didn’t show death and toxic signs up to 2 000 mg/kg.In brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced inflammation EENKC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg inhibited fever and inflammation significantly(P【0.01 and【0.05) compared to control animals.In mice,the number of writhing induced by acetic-acid was significantly(P【0.01) reduced after treatment with both the dose of EENKC than control animals. EENKC 200 mg/kg inhibits inflammation higher level in carrageenan-induced paw edema,but there is no significant difference when compared to indomethacin 10 mg/kg.Conclusions:The present findings revealed that EENKC possesses antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity which supports nilavembu kudineer choornam efficacy in chikungunya fever.展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America ...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV's epidemiology, clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV vaccine development.展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes epidemics widely in the world especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analysis has found that the CHIKV lineages were associated ...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes epidemics widely in the world especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analysis has found that the CHIKV lineages were associated with the spatial and temporal distributions, which were related to the virus adaption to the major mosquito species and their distributions. In this study, we reported the complete genome sequences of eight CHIKV isolates from the outbreak in Pakistan last year. Then we reviewed the evolutionary history using extensive phylogenetic analysis, analyzed lineagespecific substitutions in viral proteins, and characterized the spreading pathway of CHIKV strains including the Pakistani strains. The results showed that the Pakistani stains belonged to the ECSA.IOL sub-lineage and derived from India. The genetic properties of the Pakistani strains including the adaptive substitution to vectors were further characterized, and the potential risks from the occurrence of CHIKV infection in Pakistan were discussed. These results provided better understanding of CHIKV evolution and transmission in the world and revealed the possible origination of the CHIKV outbreak and epidemic in Pakistan, which would promote the disease prevention and control in the identified countries and territories with the history of CHIKV infections as well as new regions with potential risk of CHIKV outbreaks.展开更多
Background Malaria remains a leading public health problem worldwide.Co-infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and may modify the disease’s clinical course and management.Similarities in malaria cli...Background Malaria remains a leading public health problem worldwide.Co-infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and may modify the disease’s clinical course and management.Similarities in malaria clinical presentation with other infections and overlapping endemicity result in underdiagnosis of co-infections and increased mortality.Thus,the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among diagnosed malaria patients in malaria-endemic areas in Venezuela.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on malaria patients attending three reference medical centres in Ciudad Bolivar,Venezuela.Clinical evaluation and laboratory tests for dengue virus(DENV),chikungunya virus(CHIKV),viral hepatitis[hepatitis A virus(HAV),hepatitis B virus(HBV),and hepatitis C virus(HCV)],and leptospirosis(LEP)were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Previous exposure to these pathogens was defined by the presence of specific immunoglobulin(Ig)G,and co-infection or recent exposure(CoRE)was determined by the presence of specific IgM alone or IgM+IgG.Data analysis considered descriptive statistics.Parameter distribution was statistically evaluated using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the necessary comparison tests.Odds ratio(OR)for complications was determined according to CoRE presence with a 95%confidence interval(CI).Results A total of 161 malaria patients were studied,66%infected with Plasmodium vivax,27%with P.falciparum,and 7.5%harboured P.vivax/P.falciparum mixed infection.Previous exposure to DENV(60%)and CHIKV(25%)was frequent.CoRE was confirmed in 55 of the 161 malaria patients(34%)and were more frequent in P.falciparum(49%)than in P.vivax(29%)and mixed malaria patients(25%)(OR=2.43,95%CI:1.39–4.25,P=0.018).The most frequent CoRE was DENV(15%),followed by HAV(12%),HBV(6.2%),CHIKV(5.5%),and LEP(3.7%);HCV CoRE was absent.Complicated malaria was significantly more frequent in patients with CoRE(56%)than those without CoRE(36%;OR=2.31,95%CI:1.18–4.92,P=0.013).C展开更多
Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted RNA virus causing joint and muscle pain.To better understand how CHIKV rewires the host cell and usurps host cell functions,we generated a systematic CHIKV...Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted RNA virus causing joint and muscle pain.To better understand how CHIKV rewires the host cell and usurps host cell functions,we generated a systematic CHIKV-human protein-protein interaction map and revealed several novel connections that will inform further mechanistic studies.One of these novel interactions,between the viral protein E1 and STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1(STUB1),was found to mediate ubiquitination of E1 and degrade E1 through the proteasome.Capsid associated with G3BP1,G3BP2 and AAAþATPase valosin-containing protein(VCP).Furthermore,VCP inhibitors blocked CHIKV infection,suggesting VCP could serve as a therapeutic target.Further work is required to fully understand the functional consequences of these interactions.Given that CHIKV proteins are conserved across alphaviruses,many virus-host protein-protein interactions identified in this study might also exist in other alphaviruses.Construction of interactome of CHIKV provides the basis for further studying the function of alphavirus biology.展开更多
Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albo...Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus worldwide,which indicated the geographical coordinates of the collection sites of these mosquitoes,were extracted from online scientific websites and entered into an Excel file.The effect of climatic and environmental variables on these mosquitoes was evaluated using the MaxEnt model in the current and future climatic conditions in the 2030s,2050s,and 2070s.Results:The most suitable areas for the establishment of Ae.aegypti are located in the southern and northern coastal areas of Iran,based on the model outputs.The modelling result for suitable ecological niches of Ae.albopictus shows that in the current climatic conditions,the southern half of Iran from east to west,and parts of the northern coasts are prone to the presence of this species.In the future,some regions,such as Gilan and Golestan provinces,will have more potential to exist/establish Ae.albopictus.Also,according to the different climate change scenarios,suitable habitats for this species will gradually change to the northwest and west of the country.The temperature of the wettest season of the year(Bio8)and average annual temperature(Bio1)were the most effective factors in predicting the model for Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus,respectively.Conclusions:It is required to focus on entomological studies using different collection methods in the vulnerable areas of Iran.The future modelling results can also be used for long-term planning to prevent the entry and establishment of these invasive Aedes vectors in the country.展开更多
Background:Chikungunya is emerging and reemerging word-widely in the past decades.It is non-endemic in Zhejiang Province,Southeast China.Aedes albopictus,one of major vectors of chikungunya,is widely-distribution in Z...Background:Chikungunya is emerging and reemerging word-widely in the past decades.It is non-endemic in Zhejiang Province,Southeast China.Aedes albopictus,one of major vectors of chikungunya,is widely-distribution in Zhejiang,and autochthonous transmission is possible after introducing chikungunya virus.Methods:Retrospectively collected the epidemiological,clinical and genetic data of chikungunya and conducted the descriptive analysis and gene sequence analysis.Results:From 2008 to 2022,29 chikungunya cases,including 26 overseas imported and 3 local cases,were reported and no cases died of chikungunya.More than half of the imported cases(53.85%)were from Southeast Asia.Seasonal peak of the imported cases was noted between August and September,and 42.31%cases onset in those 2 months.Eight prefecture-level cities and 16 counties reported cases during the study period,with Jinghua(27.59%)and Hangzhou(24.14%)reporting the largest number of cases.The 3 local cases were all reported in Qujiang,Quzhou in 2017.For imported cases,the male-female gender ratio was 2.71:1,20-30 years old cases(46.15%)and commercial service(42.31%)accounted for the highest proportion.Clinically,fever(100%),fatigue(94.44%),arthralgia(79.17%),headache(71.43%)and erythra(65.22%)were the most common reported symptoms.Eight whole-genome sequences were obtained and belonged to East/Central/South African(ECSA)or Asian genotype.Conclusions:With the change of immigration policy,the surveillance of chikungunya should be strengthened and the ability of the case discovery and diagnosis should be improved in Zhejiang in the post-COVID-19 era.展开更多
Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.al...Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the potential efficacy of seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona muricata used as natural insecticides to control adult and larvae of the vectors Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus ...Objective:To evaluate the potential efficacy of seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona muricata used as natural insecticides to control adult and larvae of the vectors Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions.Methods:Aqueous and oil extracts of the two plants were prepared from dried seeds.Preliminary identifications of the chemical components of each seed extracts were performed using microreactional and GCP techniques.Larvae and adults of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were collected from the breeding sites in coastal and highlands regions of Madagascar.WHO standardized tests of susceptibility for larvae and imaginal stage of mosquitoes were realized to determine mortality and LC_(50) of mosquitoes.Results:Chemical identifications showed that these extracts contain alkaloids and flavonoids compounds that probably confer their biological insecticidal proprieties.CPG analysis showed also the presence of various fatty acids.On adult mosquitoes,significant insecticidal effects were observed with both aqueous and oil extracts of the two plant seeds compared to mortality induced by deltamethrin,an insecticide used as reference.Extracts of Annona muricata induced high mortality rate to both species of mosquito compared to extracts of Annona squamosa at all concentrations tested.The LC_(50) of seed extracts ranged from 1%to 5%for adults and 0.5%to 1%for larvae.Conclusions:The seed extracts of these two plants may be used as mosquito controlling agents and offer a new approach to a less costly,practical and environmentally friendly control of vector borne diseases.展开更多
文摘Objective:To obtain Iuteolin and apigenin rich fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon(L.)(C.dactylon) Pers and evaluate the fraction's cytotoxicity and anti-Chikungunya potential using Vero cells.Methods:The ethanolic extract of C.dactylon was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain anti-chikungunya virus(CHIKV) fraction.Reverse phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies were carried out to identily the major phytochemicals in the fraction using phylochemical standards.Cytotoxicity and the potential of the fraction against CHIKV were evaluated in vitro using Vero cells.Reduction in viral replication was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) after treating the viral infected Vero cells with the fraction.Results:Reverse Phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies confirmed the presence of flavonoids,luteolin and apigenin as major phytochemicals in the anti-CHIKV ethanolic fraction of C.dactylon- The fraction was found to exhibit potent viral inhibitory activity(about 98%) at the concentration of 50 μg/mL as observed by reduction in cytopathic effect,and the cytotoxic concentration of the fraction was found to be 250 μg/mL.RT-PCR analyses indicated that the reduction in viral mRNA synthesis in fraction treated infected cells was much higher than the viral infected control cells.Conclusions:Luteolin and apigenin rich ethanolic fraction from C.dactylon can be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection as the fraction does not show cytotoxicity while inhibiting the virus.
基金The Department of Biotechnology,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu,India for supporting this research through DST-FIST (SR/FST/LST-299/2006 Dt:31-01-2007)UGC-SAP (F.No.3-9/2007 (SAP-II) February 2007)
文摘Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently, re-emergence of Chikungunya viral infection harmed many in Asian and African countries. Chikungunya was considered as a major threat in developing and underdeveloped countries; the recent epidemiological outbreak of Chikungunya in La Reunion urges the global researchers to develop effective vaccine against this viral disease. In this review, Chikungunya, pathogenesis and epidemiology were briefly described.
基金supported by the Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology.Chulalongkorn University,CU Centenary Academic Development ProjectKing Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital,the National Research University Project of CHEthe Ratchadaphiseksonphot Endowment Fund(HR1155A)
文摘Objective:To develop diagnostic test for detection chikungunya virus(CHIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) infection.Methods:We have performed a rapid,accurate laboratory confirmative method to simultaneously detect,quantify and differentiate CHIKV and DENV infection by single-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR.Results:The assay’s sensitivity was 97.65%,specificity was 92.59% and accuracy was 95.82%when compared to conventional RT-PCR.Additionally,there was no cross-reaction between CHIKV,DENV,Japanese encephalitis virus,hepatitis C,hepatitis A or hepatitis E virus.Conclusions:This rapid and reliable assay provides a means for simultaneous early diagnosis of CHIKV and DENV in a single-step reaction.
基金supported by the Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences,Department of Pharmacy,Kut University College,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,College of Pharmacy,University of Baghdad,Department of pharmacy,Hilla University College,Dr Hany Akeel institute,Iraqi Medical Research center.
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV),transmitted by arthropods,has gained global recognition for its impact on public health.It has expanded globally,including Africa,Asia,and the Indian subcontinent,and has a helicase protein in its genome that is crucial for its replication.Thus,the study targeted the helicase protein of CHIKV with 745 antiviral compounds using an ML-based QSAR model and molecular docking.Top binders(5279172,78161839,6474310,and 5330286)were selected for MD simulation based on the control(Silvestrol).All compounds had the highest binding scores,with 78161839 showing the most consistent RMSD and the least conformational variation,indicating high stability.It also showed the lowest binding free energy(ΔG¼31.31 kcal/mol),indicating energetically favourable binding.PCA and FEL also depicted the stable complex confirmation of the protein and 78161839 complex during the 100 ns simulation.Overall,this study aimed to identify helicase function antiviral binders that could be experimentally tested for treating CHIKV.
文摘Chikungunya fever(CF)is caused by an arbovirus whose manifestations are extremely diverse,and it has evolved with significant severity in recent years.The clinical signs triggered by the Chikungunya virus are similar to those of other arboviruses.Generally,fever starts abruptly and reaches high levels,followed by severe polyarthralgia and myalgia,as well as an erythematous or petechial maculopapular rash,varying in severity and extent.Around 40%to 60%of affected individuals report persistent arthralgia,which can last from months to years.The symptoms of CF mainly represent the tissue tropism of the virus rather than the immunopathogenesis triggered by the host's immune system.The main mechanisms associated with arthralgia have been linked to an increase in T helper type 17 cells and a consequent increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Βligand and bone resorption.This review suggests that persistent arthralgia results from the presence of viral antigens post-infection and the constant activation of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 in synovial macrophages,leading to local infiltration of CD4+T cells,which sustains the inflammatory process in the joints through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The term"long chikungunya"was used in this review to refer to persistent arthralgia since,due to its manifestation over long periods after the end of the viral infection,this clinical condition seems to be characterized more as a sequel than as a symptom,given that there is no active infection involved.
文摘Objective:To investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extract of nilavembu kudineer choornam (EENKC) in inflammation,pain and fever using animal models to support its actions.Methods: Acute toxicity study of EENKC was performed in mice to fix the effective dose.The antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EENKC was evaluated in brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats,carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and acetic-acid induced writhing in mice model.Results:Acute toxicity revealed that EENKC didn’t show death and toxic signs up to 2 000 mg/kg.In brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia and carrageenan-induced inflammation EENKC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg inhibited fever and inflammation significantly(P【0.01 and【0.05) compared to control animals.In mice,the number of writhing induced by acetic-acid was significantly(P【0.01) reduced after treatment with both the dose of EENKC than control animals. EENKC 200 mg/kg inhibits inflammation higher level in carrageenan-induced paw edema,but there is no significant difference when compared to indomethacin 10 mg/kg.Conclusions:The present findings revealed that EENKC possesses antipyretic,anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity which supports nilavembu kudineer choornam efficacy in chikungunya fever.
基金supported in part by the National Key Program Project Grant from MOST #2016YFC1201000
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. After decades of sporadic outbreaks, it re-emerged in Africa,Asia, India Ocean and America suddenly, causing major regional epidemics recently and becoming a notable global health problem. Infection by CHIKV results in a spectrum of clinical diseases including an acute self-limiting febrile illness in most individuals, a chronic phase of recurrent join pain in a proportion of patients, and long-term arthralgia for months to years for the unfortunate few. No specific anti-viral drugs or licensed vaccines for CHIKV are available so far. A better understanding of virus-host interactions is essential for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. To this end, we reviewed the existing knowledge on CHIKV's epidemiology, clinical presentation, molecular virology, diagnostic approaches, host immune response, vaccine development, and available animal models. Such a comprehensive overview, we believe, will shed lights on the promises and challenges in CHIKV vaccine development.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Basic Work Program(2013FY113500)from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinathe International Cooperation on key Technologies of Biosafety along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(153B42KYSB2017 0004)+1 种基金the Strategic Bio-resource Service Network Plan and Building the Biogenetic Resource Preserving Capacity Program from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZSSB-002)funded by the National Basic Scientific Data Sharing-Service Platform(XXH12504-3-15)
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes epidemics widely in the world especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analysis has found that the CHIKV lineages were associated with the spatial and temporal distributions, which were related to the virus adaption to the major mosquito species and their distributions. In this study, we reported the complete genome sequences of eight CHIKV isolates from the outbreak in Pakistan last year. Then we reviewed the evolutionary history using extensive phylogenetic analysis, analyzed lineagespecific substitutions in viral proteins, and characterized the spreading pathway of CHIKV strains including the Pakistani strains. The results showed that the Pakistani stains belonged to the ECSA.IOL sub-lineage and derived from India. The genetic properties of the Pakistani strains including the adaptive substitution to vectors were further characterized, and the potential risks from the occurrence of CHIKV infection in Pakistan were discussed. These results provided better understanding of CHIKV evolution and transmission in the world and revealed the possible origination of the CHIKV outbreak and epidemic in Pakistan, which would promote the disease prevention and control in the identified countries and territories with the history of CHIKV infections as well as new regions with potential risk of CHIKV outbreaks.
文摘Background Malaria remains a leading public health problem worldwide.Co-infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and may modify the disease’s clinical course and management.Similarities in malaria clinical presentation with other infections and overlapping endemicity result in underdiagnosis of co-infections and increased mortality.Thus,the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among diagnosed malaria patients in malaria-endemic areas in Venezuela.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on malaria patients attending three reference medical centres in Ciudad Bolivar,Venezuela.Clinical evaluation and laboratory tests for dengue virus(DENV),chikungunya virus(CHIKV),viral hepatitis[hepatitis A virus(HAV),hepatitis B virus(HBV),and hepatitis C virus(HCV)],and leptospirosis(LEP)were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Previous exposure to these pathogens was defined by the presence of specific immunoglobulin(Ig)G,and co-infection or recent exposure(CoRE)was determined by the presence of specific IgM alone or IgM+IgG.Data analysis considered descriptive statistics.Parameter distribution was statistically evaluated using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the necessary comparison tests.Odds ratio(OR)for complications was determined according to CoRE presence with a 95%confidence interval(CI).Results A total of 161 malaria patients were studied,66%infected with Plasmodium vivax,27%with P.falciparum,and 7.5%harboured P.vivax/P.falciparum mixed infection.Previous exposure to DENV(60%)and CHIKV(25%)was frequent.CoRE was confirmed in 55 of the 161 malaria patients(34%)and were more frequent in P.falciparum(49%)than in P.vivax(29%)and mixed malaria patients(25%)(OR=2.43,95%CI:1.39–4.25,P=0.018).The most frequent CoRE was DENV(15%),followed by HAV(12%),HBV(6.2%),CHIKV(5.5%),and LEP(3.7%);HCV CoRE was absent.Complicated malaria was significantly more frequent in patients with CoRE(56%)than those without CoRE(36%;OR=2.31,95%CI:1.18–4.92,P=0.013).C
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072270 and 82272306)Taishan Scholars Program (tstp20221142)+1 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2021QC095)Academic Promotion Programme of Shandong First Medical University (2019LJ001).
文摘Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted RNA virus causing joint and muscle pain.To better understand how CHIKV rewires the host cell and usurps host cell functions,we generated a systematic CHIKV-human protein-protein interaction map and revealed several novel connections that will inform further mechanistic studies.One of these novel interactions,between the viral protein E1 and STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1(STUB1),was found to mediate ubiquitination of E1 and degrade E1 through the proteasome.Capsid associated with G3BP1,G3BP2 and AAAþATPase valosin-containing protein(VCP).Furthermore,VCP inhibitors blocked CHIKV infection,suggesting VCP could serve as a therapeutic target.Further work is required to fully understand the functional consequences of these interactions.Given that CHIKV proteins are conserved across alphaviruses,many virus-host protein-protein interactions identified in this study might also exist in other alphaviruses.Construction of interactome of CHIKV provides the basis for further studying the function of alphavirus biology.
基金Research Deputy,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,grant No.46857。
文摘Objective:To determine the suitable ecological habitats of Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Iran due to climate change by the 2070s.Methods:All data relating to the spatial distribution of Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus worldwide,which indicated the geographical coordinates of the collection sites of these mosquitoes,were extracted from online scientific websites and entered into an Excel file.The effect of climatic and environmental variables on these mosquitoes was evaluated using the MaxEnt model in the current and future climatic conditions in the 2030s,2050s,and 2070s.Results:The most suitable areas for the establishment of Ae.aegypti are located in the southern and northern coastal areas of Iran,based on the model outputs.The modelling result for suitable ecological niches of Ae.albopictus shows that in the current climatic conditions,the southern half of Iran from east to west,and parts of the northern coasts are prone to the presence of this species.In the future,some regions,such as Gilan and Golestan provinces,will have more potential to exist/establish Ae.albopictus.Also,according to the different climate change scenarios,suitable habitats for this species will gradually change to the northwest and west of the country.The temperature of the wettest season of the year(Bio8)and average annual temperature(Bio1)were the most effective factors in predicting the model for Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus,respectively.Conclusions:It is required to focus on entomological studies using different collection methods in the vulnerable areas of Iran.The future modelling results can also be used for long-term planning to prevent the entry and establishment of these invasive Aedes vectors in the country.
文摘Background:Chikungunya is emerging and reemerging word-widely in the past decades.It is non-endemic in Zhejiang Province,Southeast China.Aedes albopictus,one of major vectors of chikungunya,is widely-distribution in Zhejiang,and autochthonous transmission is possible after introducing chikungunya virus.Methods:Retrospectively collected the epidemiological,clinical and genetic data of chikungunya and conducted the descriptive analysis and gene sequence analysis.Results:From 2008 to 2022,29 chikungunya cases,including 26 overseas imported and 3 local cases,were reported and no cases died of chikungunya.More than half of the imported cases(53.85%)were from Southeast Asia.Seasonal peak of the imported cases was noted between August and September,and 42.31%cases onset in those 2 months.Eight prefecture-level cities and 16 counties reported cases during the study period,with Jinghua(27.59%)and Hangzhou(24.14%)reporting the largest number of cases.The 3 local cases were all reported in Qujiang,Quzhou in 2017.For imported cases,the male-female gender ratio was 2.71:1,20-30 years old cases(46.15%)and commercial service(42.31%)accounted for the highest proportion.Clinically,fever(100%),fatigue(94.44%),arthralgia(79.17%),headache(71.43%)and erythra(65.22%)were the most common reported symptoms.Eight whole-genome sequences were obtained and belonged to East/Central/South African(ECSA)or Asian genotype.Conclusions:With the change of immigration policy,the surveillance of chikungunya should be strengthened and the ability of the case discovery and diagnosis should be improved in Zhejiang in the post-COVID-19 era.
文摘Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.
基金Supported by the grants FRB-CD-AOOI-07-012 and CMIRA Coopera 2011 from Region Rhne-Alpes 11MIF-MAVINGUI-10851
文摘Objective:To evaluate the potential efficacy of seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona muricata used as natural insecticides to control adult and larvae of the vectors Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions.Methods:Aqueous and oil extracts of the two plants were prepared from dried seeds.Preliminary identifications of the chemical components of each seed extracts were performed using microreactional and GCP techniques.Larvae and adults of Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were collected from the breeding sites in coastal and highlands regions of Madagascar.WHO standardized tests of susceptibility for larvae and imaginal stage of mosquitoes were realized to determine mortality and LC_(50) of mosquitoes.Results:Chemical identifications showed that these extracts contain alkaloids and flavonoids compounds that probably confer their biological insecticidal proprieties.CPG analysis showed also the presence of various fatty acids.On adult mosquitoes,significant insecticidal effects were observed with both aqueous and oil extracts of the two plant seeds compared to mortality induced by deltamethrin,an insecticide used as reference.Extracts of Annona muricata induced high mortality rate to both species of mosquito compared to extracts of Annona squamosa at all concentrations tested.The LC_(50) of seed extracts ranged from 1%to 5%for adults and 0.5%to 1%for larvae.Conclusions:The seed extracts of these two plants may be used as mosquito controlling agents and offer a new approach to a less costly,practical and environmentally friendly control of vector borne diseases.
