During virus infection, viral RNAs and mRNAs function as blueprints for viral protein synthesis and possibly as pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs） in innate immunity. Here, considering recent research pr...During virus infection, viral RNAs and mRNAs function as blueprints for viral protein synthesis and possibly as pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs） in innate immunity. Here, considering recent research progress in microRNAs （miRNAs） and competitive endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, we speculate that viral RNAs act as sponges and can sequester endogenous miRNAs within infected cells, thus cross-regulating the stability and translational efficiency of host mRNAs with shared miRNA response elements. This cross-talk and these reciprocal interactions between viral RNAs and host mRNAs are termed ＂competitive viral and host RNAs＂ （cvhRNAs）. We further provide recent experimental evidence for the existence of cvhRNAs networks in hepatitis B virus （HBV）, as well as Her- pesvirus saimiri （HVS）, lytic murine cytomegalovirus （MCMV） and human cytomegalovirus （HCMV） infec- tions. In addition, the cvhRNA hypothesis also pre- dicts possible cross-regulation between host and other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus （HCV）, HIV, influenza virus, human papillomaviruses （HPV）. Since the interaction between miRNAs and viral RNAs also inevitably leads to repression of viral RNA function, we speculate that virus may evolve either to employ cvhRNA networks or to avoid miRNA targeting for optimal fitness within the host. CvhRNA networks may therefore play a fundamental role in the regulation of viral replication, infection establishment, and viral pathogenesis.展开更多
The Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) gene, located on chromosome 13q14 and encodes the tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma protein, is the cause of Retinoblastoma. The mutational inactivation of both gene alleles brings on this can...The Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) gene, located on chromosome 13q14 and encodes the tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma protein, is the cause of Retinoblastoma. The mutational inactivation of both gene alleles brings on this cancer. Retinoblastoma (RB) high-risk histopathological characteristics indicate metastasis or local recurrence with rapid progresses following RB1 inactivation. There is growing interest in regulatory activities unconnected to the coding region of the genome, or exome, in addition to epigenetic control mechanisms. The altered epigenome is significant, though by no means the only, problem in the etiology of Retinoblastoma. After all, cancer development is a multistep process in which numerous dissimilar genetic, epigenetic, and posttranscriptional modifications result in a shared phenotype. This study emphasizes the most recent developments in posttranscriptional change and epigenetics related to retinoblastoma tumor biology. Here, we highlight the novel biomarkers the retinoblastoma tumor has expressed to improve patient survival.展开更多
Thousands of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have been discovered in human genomes by gene chip,next-generation sequencing,and/or other methods in recent years,which represent a significant subset of the universal genes ...Thousands of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have been discovered in human genomes by gene chip,next-generation sequencing,and/or other methods in recent years,which represent a significant subset of the universal genes involved in a wide range of biological functions.An abnormal expression of lncRNAs is associated with the growth,invasion,and metastasis of various types of human cancers,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),which is an aggressive,highly malignant,and invasive tumor,and a poor prognosis in China.With a more in-depth understanding of lncRNA research for HCC and the emergence of new moleculartargeted therapies,the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of HCC will be considerably improved.Therefore,this review is expected to provide recommendations and directions for future lncRNA research for HCC.展开更多
Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)is a highly lethal cancer,and better treatments are urgently needed.Many studies have implicated circular RNAs(circRNAs)in the progression of multiple malignant tumors.Nonetheless,the ...Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)is a highly lethal cancer,and better treatments are urgently needed.Many studies have implicated circular RNAs(circRNAs)in the progression of multiple malignant tumors.Nonetheless,the functions of circRNAs in NSCLC remain unclear.To study new targets for the treatment of NSCLC,circRNA expression profiling was performed on NSCLC tissues and para-carcinoma nonmalignant tissues.RNA was isolated and used for circRNA sequencing.Biological studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the functions of circRNAs in NSCLC,including their functions in cell proliferation and migration.How circRNAs function in NSCLC was explored to clarify the underlying regulatory mechanisms.We found that circUCP2 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with neighboring nonmalignant tissues.circUCP2 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells.circUCP2 promoted NSCLC progression by sponging miR-149 and upregulating UCP2.The circUCP2/miR-149/UCP2 axis accelerates the progression of NSCLC,and circUCP2 may therefore be a novel diagnostic biomarker for the progression of NSCLC.展开更多
An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many ln...An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many lncRNAs. The cytoplasmic lncRNAs play indispensable roles with multiple molecular mechanisms in animal and human cells. In this review, we mainly talk about functions and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm. We highlight relatively well-studied examples of cytoplasmic lncRNAs for their roles in modulating mRNA stability,regulating m RNA translation, serving as competing endogenous RNAs, functioning as precursors of microRNAs, and mediating protein modifications. We also elaborate the perspectives of cytoplasmic lncRNA studies.展开更多
microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulati...microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been demonstrated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, either through inhibiting tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes inappropriately. Besides their promising clinical applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment, recent studies have uncovered that miRNAs could act as a regulatory language, through which messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs crosstalk with each other and form a novel regulatory network. RNA transcripts involved in this network have been termed as competing endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, since they influence each other＇s level by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements （MREs） on their target transcripts. The discovery of miRNA-ceRNA network not only provides the possibility of an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation, but also dictates a reassessment of the existing regulatory pathways involved in cancer initiation and progression.展开更多
MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation...MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation by destabilizing the target gene transcripts or blocking protein translation from them.Interestingly,these negative regulators are largely compromised by an upstream layer of negative regulators ＂target mimics＂ found in plants or ＂endogenous competing RNAs＂ revealed recently in animals.These endogenous regulatory mechanisms of ＂double negatives making a positive＂ have now been developed into a key strategy in the study of small RNA functions. This review presents some reflections on the long journey to the short tandem target mimic（STTM） for selective destruction/blockage of specific miRNAs in plants and animals,and the potential applications of STTM are discussed.展开更多
Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported t...Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported to play a crucial role in axonal regeneration.Howeve r,the role of the IncRNA-microRNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)-competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network in exosome-mediated axonal regeneration remains unclear.In this study,we performed RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis to assess mRNA expression patterns in exosomes produced by cultured fibroblasts(FC-EXOs)and Schwann cells(SCEXOs).Diffe rential gene expression analysis,Gene Ontology analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis,and protein-protein intera ction network analysis were used to explo re the functions and related pathways of RNAs isolated from FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs.We found that the ribosome-related central gene Rps5 was enriched in FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs,which suggests that it may promote axonal regeneration.In addition,using the miRWalk and Starbase prediction databases,we constructed a regulatory network of ceRNAs targeting Rps5,including 27 microRNAs and five IncRNAs.The ceRNA regulatory network,which included Ftx and Miat,revealed that exsosome-derived Rps5 inhibits scar formation and promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury.Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from fibro blast and Schwann cells could be used to treat injuries of peripheral nervous system.展开更多
文摘During virus infection, viral RNAs and mRNAs function as blueprints for viral protein synthesis and possibly as pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMPs） in innate immunity. Here, considering recent research progress in microRNAs （miRNAs） and competitive endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, we speculate that viral RNAs act as sponges and can sequester endogenous miRNAs within infected cells, thus cross-regulating the stability and translational efficiency of host mRNAs with shared miRNA response elements. This cross-talk and these reciprocal interactions between viral RNAs and host mRNAs are termed ＂competitive viral and host RNAs＂ （cvhRNAs）. We further provide recent experimental evidence for the existence of cvhRNAs networks in hepatitis B virus （HBV）, as well as Her- pesvirus saimiri （HVS）, lytic murine cytomegalovirus （MCMV） and human cytomegalovirus （HCMV） infec- tions. In addition, the cvhRNA hypothesis also pre- dicts possible cross-regulation between host and other viruses, such as hepatitis C virus （HCV）, HIV, influenza virus, human papillomaviruses （HPV）. Since the interaction between miRNAs and viral RNAs also inevitably leads to repression of viral RNA function, we speculate that virus may evolve either to employ cvhRNA networks or to avoid miRNA targeting for optimal fitness within the host. CvhRNA networks may therefore play a fundamental role in the regulation of viral replication, infection establishment, and viral pathogenesis.
文摘The Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) gene, located on chromosome 13q14 and encodes the tumor-suppressor retinoblastoma protein, is the cause of Retinoblastoma. The mutational inactivation of both gene alleles brings on this cancer. Retinoblastoma (RB) high-risk histopathological characteristics indicate metastasis or local recurrence with rapid progresses following RB1 inactivation. There is growing interest in regulatory activities unconnected to the coding region of the genome, or exome, in addition to epigenetic control mechanisms. The altered epigenome is significant, though by no means the only, problem in the etiology of Retinoblastoma. After all, cancer development is a multistep process in which numerous dissimilar genetic, epigenetic, and posttranscriptional modifications result in a shared phenotype. This study emphasizes the most recent developments in posttranscriptional change and epigenetics related to retinoblastoma tumor biology. Here, we highlight the novel biomarkers the retinoblastoma tumor has expressed to improve patient survival.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 81871653),the Program for Innovation Team of Higher Education in Chongqing(grant number CXTDX201601015)and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(grant number cstc2016jcyjA0269).
文摘Thousands of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)have been discovered in human genomes by gene chip,next-generation sequencing,and/or other methods in recent years,which represent a significant subset of the universal genes involved in a wide range of biological functions.An abnormal expression of lncRNAs is associated with the growth,invasion,and metastasis of various types of human cancers,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),which is an aggressive,highly malignant,and invasive tumor,and a poor prognosis in China.With a more in-depth understanding of lncRNA research for HCC and the emergence of new moleculartargeted therapies,the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of HCC will be considerably improved.Therefore,this review is expected to provide recommendations and directions for future lncRNA research for HCC.
基金supported by grants from the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202102080084,Han Yang)the Key Project of Scientific Research Plan of Hunan Provincial Health Commission(C202301047982,Wei Du)+1 种基金the Wings Scientific and Technological Foundation of The First People’s Hospital of Changde City(2022ZZ05,Wei Du)the Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province(20161062,Qing Liu).
文摘Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)is a highly lethal cancer,and better treatments are urgently needed.Many studies have implicated circular RNAs(circRNAs)in the progression of multiple malignant tumors.Nonetheless,the functions of circRNAs in NSCLC remain unclear.To study new targets for the treatment of NSCLC,circRNA expression profiling was performed on NSCLC tissues and para-carcinoma nonmalignant tissues.RNA was isolated and used for circRNA sequencing.Biological studies were performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the functions of circRNAs in NSCLC,including their functions in cell proliferation and migration.How circRNAs function in NSCLC was explored to clarify the underlying regulatory mechanisms.We found that circUCP2 was upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with neighboring nonmalignant tissues.circUCP2 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells.circUCP2 promoted NSCLC progression by sponging miR-149 and upregulating UCP2.The circUCP2/miR-149/UCP2 axis accelerates the progression of NSCLC,and circUCP2 may therefore be a novel diagnostic biomarker for the progression of NSCLC.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program Grant No. 2015CB943000)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91519333 and 31471225)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. WK2070000034)
文摘An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many lncRNAs. The cytoplasmic lncRNAs play indispensable roles with multiple molecular mechanisms in animal and human cells. In this review, we mainly talk about functions and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm. We highlight relatively well-studied examples of cytoplasmic lncRNAs for their roles in modulating mRNA stability,regulating m RNA translation, serving as competing endogenous RNAs, functioning as precursors of microRNAs, and mediating protein modifications. We also elaborate the perspectives of cytoplasmic lncRNA studies.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81272766)Capital Medical Development and Research Foundation (No. 2009-2093)+2 种基金Clinical Characteristics and Application Research of Capital (No. Z121107001012130)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 7132054)New Star of Science and Technology Program of Beijing (No. 2011060)
文摘microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been demonstrated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, either through inhibiting tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes inappropriately. Besides their promising clinical applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment, recent studies have uncovered that miRNAs could act as a regulatory language, through which messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs crosstalk with each other and form a novel regulatory network. RNA transcripts involved in this network have been termed as competing endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, since they influence each other＇s level by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements （MREs） on their target transcripts. The discovery of miRNA-ceRNA network not only provides the possibility of an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation, but also dictates a reassessment of the existing regulatory pathways involved in cancer initiation and progression.
基金Work done in Guiliang Tang's lab was supported,in whole or in part,by USDA National Research Initiative grants(2006- 35301-17115 and 2006-35100-17433)the National Science Foundation grants(MCB-0718029:Subaward No.S-00000260 and IOS-1048216/IOS-1219316)+1 种基金the startup of Michigan Technological UniversityWork done in Xiaoqing Tang's lab was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health(K01 DK078648 and R03 DK084166)
文摘MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation by destabilizing the target gene transcripts or blocking protein translation from them.Interestingly,these negative regulators are largely compromised by an upstream layer of negative regulators ＂target mimics＂ found in plants or ＂endogenous competing RNAs＂ revealed recently in animals.These endogenous regulatory mechanisms of ＂double negatives making a positive＂ have now been developed into a key strategy in the study of small RNA functions. This review presents some reflections on the long journey to the short tandem target mimic（STTM） for selective destruction/blockage of specific miRNAs in plants and animals,and the potential applications of STTM are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81870975(to SZ)。
文摘Exosomes exhibit complex biological functions and mediate a variety of biological processes,such as promoting axonal regeneration and functional recove ry after injury.Long non-coding RNAs(IncRNAs)have been reported to play a crucial role in axonal regeneration.Howeve r,the role of the IncRNA-microRNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)-competitive endogenous RNA(ceRNA)network in exosome-mediated axonal regeneration remains unclear.In this study,we performed RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis to assess mRNA expression patterns in exosomes produced by cultured fibroblasts(FC-EXOs)and Schwann cells(SCEXOs).Diffe rential gene expression analysis,Gene Ontology analysis,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis,and protein-protein intera ction network analysis were used to explo re the functions and related pathways of RNAs isolated from FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs.We found that the ribosome-related central gene Rps5 was enriched in FC-EXOs and SC-EXOs,which suggests that it may promote axonal regeneration.In addition,using the miRWalk and Starbase prediction databases,we constructed a regulatory network of ceRNAs targeting Rps5,including 27 microRNAs and five IncRNAs.The ceRNA regulatory network,which included Ftx and Miat,revealed that exsosome-derived Rps5 inhibits scar formation and promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery after nerve injury.Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from fibro blast and Schwann cells could be used to treat injuries of peripheral nervous system.
