An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many ln...An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many lncRNAs. The cytoplasmic lncRNAs play indispensable roles with multiple molecular mechanisms in animal and human cells. In this review, we mainly talk about functions and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm. We highlight relatively well-studied examples of cytoplasmic lncRNAs for their roles in modulating mRNA stability,regulating m RNA translation, serving as competing endogenous RNAs, functioning as precursors of microRNAs, and mediating protein modifications. We also elaborate the perspectives of cytoplasmic lncRNA studies.展开更多
microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulati...microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been demonstrated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, either through inhibiting tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes inappropriately. Besides their promising clinical applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment, recent studies have uncovered that miRNAs could act as a regulatory language, through which messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs crosstalk with each other and form a novel regulatory network. RNA transcripts involved in this network have been termed as competing endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, since they influence each other＇s level by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements （MREs） on their target transcripts. The discovery of miRNA-ceRNA network not only provides the possibility of an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation, but also dictates a reassessment of the existing regulatory pathways involved in cancer initiation and progression.展开更多
MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation...MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation by destabilizing the target gene transcripts or blocking protein translation from them.Interestingly,these negative regulators are largely compromised by an upstream layer of negative regulators ＂target mimics＂ found in plants or ＂endogenous competing RNAs＂ revealed recently in animals.These endogenous regulatory mechanisms of ＂double negatives making a positive＂ have now been developed into a key strategy in the study of small RNA functions. This review presents some reflections on the long journey to the short tandem target mimic（STTM） for selective destruction/blockage of specific miRNAs in plants and animals,and the potential applications of STTM are discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program Grant No. 2015CB943000)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91519333 and 31471225)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. WK2070000034)
文摘An enormous amount of long non-coding RNAs（lnc RNAs） transcribed from eukaryotic genome are important regulators in different aspects of cellular events. Cytoplasm is the residence and the site of action for many lncRNAs. The cytoplasmic lncRNAs play indispensable roles with multiple molecular mechanisms in animal and human cells. In this review, we mainly talk about functions and the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm. We highlight relatively well-studied examples of cytoplasmic lncRNAs for their roles in modulating mRNA stability,regulating m RNA translation, serving as competing endogenous RNAs, functioning as precursors of microRNAs, and mediating protein modifications. We also elaborate the perspectives of cytoplasmic lncRNA studies.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81272766)Capital Medical Development and Research Foundation (No. 2009-2093)+2 种基金Clinical Characteristics and Application Research of Capital (No. Z121107001012130)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 7132054)New Star of Science and Technology Program of Beijing (No. 2011060)
文摘microRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of endogenous, single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 20- 23 nucleotides in length, functioning as negative regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNAs has been demonstrated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, either through inhibiting tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes inappropriately. Besides their promising clinical applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment, recent studies have uncovered that miRNAs could act as a regulatory language, through which messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs crosstalk with each other and form a novel regulatory network. RNA transcripts involved in this network have been termed as competing endogenous RNAs （ceRNAs）, since they influence each other＇s level by competing for the same pool of miRNAs through miRNA response elements （MREs） on their target transcripts. The discovery of miRNA-ceRNA network not only provides the possibility of an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation, but also dictates a reassessment of the existing regulatory pathways involved in cancer initiation and progression.
基金Work done in Guiliang Tang's lab was supported,in whole or in part,by USDA National Research Initiative grants(2006- 35301-17115 and 2006-35100-17433)the National Science Foundation grants(MCB-0718029:Subaward No.S-00000260 and IOS-1048216/IOS-1219316)+1 种基金the startup of Michigan Technological UniversityWork done in Xiaoqing Tang's lab was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health(K01 DK078648 and R03 DK084166)
文摘MicroRNAs（miRNAs） are a population of highly conserved specific small ribo-regulators that negatively regulate gene expressions in both plants and animals.They play a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation by destabilizing the target gene transcripts or blocking protein translation from them.Interestingly,these negative regulators are largely compromised by an upstream layer of negative regulators ＂target mimics＂ found in plants or ＂endogenous competing RNAs＂ revealed recently in animals.These endogenous regulatory mechanisms of ＂double negatives making a positive＂ have now been developed into a key strategy in the study of small RNA functions. This review presents some reflections on the long journey to the short tandem target mimic（STTM） for selective destruction/blockage of specific miRNAs in plants and animals,and the potential applications of STTM are discussed.
