Objective:To determine the content of benzyl glueosinolate（BG） in the pulp and the seed and investigate the anti-cuncer activity of its hydrolysis product in Curica papaya L.Methods: Determination of BG was performe...Objective:To determine the content of benzyl glueosinolate（BG） in the pulp and the seed and investigate the anti-cuncer activity of its hydrolysis product in Curica papaya L.Methods: Determination of BG was performed on an Hypersil BDS C<sub>18</sub> column at the wavelength of 214 nm with 0.1%trifluoroacelic acid（TFA） aqueous solution（A） and 0.1%TFA acelonilrile（B） as the mobile phase.In vitro activity test was adopted with cidtured human lung cancer H69 cell in vitro to investigate the inhibition rate of cell proliferation of benzyl isothiocyanale（BITC） againsl H69 cell.Results:The pulp has more BG before the maturation of papaya and it nearly disappeared after papaya matured,while the seed contains BG at every stage.Activity test demonstrated that the a higher concentration of BITC would have betler inhibition rate of cell proliferation on 1169 cell,and the IC<sub>50</sub> was 6.5μmol/L.Conclusions:BG also can be produced in the pulp of papaya and it will be stored in the seed after the fruit has been matured.The hydrolysis product of BG has certain cancer-prevention anti-cancer activities for human.展开更多
Carotene pigments in flowers and fruits are distinct features related to fitness advantages such as attracting insects forpollination and birds for seed dispersal.In papaya,the flesh color of the fruit is considered a...Carotene pigments in flowers and fruits are distinct features related to fitness advantages such as attracting insects forpollination and birds for seed dispersal.In papaya,the flesh color of the fruit is considered a quality trait that correlateswith nutritional value and is linked to shelf-life of the fruit.To elucidate the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in papaya,we took a candidate gene approach to clone the lycopene β-cyclase gene,LCY-B.A papaya LCY-B ortholog,cpLCY-B,was successfully identified from both cDNA and bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC)libraries and complete genomicsequence was obtained from the positive BAC including the promoter region.This cpLCY-B shared 80% amino acididentity with citrus LCY-B.However,full genomic sequences from both yellow- and red-fleshed papaya were identical.Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)revealed similar levels of expression at six different maturing stages of fruits forboth yellow-and red-fleshed genotypes.Further expression analyses of cpLCY-B showed that its expression levels wereseven- and three-fold higher in leaves and,respectively,flowers than in fruits,suggesting that cpLCY-B is down-regulatedduring the fruit ripening process.展开更多
This work consisted of assessing the toxicity of a recipe of three plants used in traditional Togolese medicine. Acute and sub-acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD chemical test guidelines n˚423 dated Decembe...This work consisted of assessing the toxicity of a recipe of three plants used in traditional Togolese medicine. Acute and sub-acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD chemical test guidelines n˚423 dated December 17, 2001 and n˚407 dated October 3, 2008 respectively. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. No significant toxicity was observed after 14 and 28 days, although a dose-dependent decrease in creatinemia was observed in male rats (the recipe to be used to moderate creatinine levels). Cytotoxicity was without effect on NCM 365 cells. The results obtained justify the use of the recipe in traditional medicine.展开更多
Aim: To examine if the seed extracts of Carica papaya, which showed anfispermatogenic/sperm immobilizationproperties in animal models, could cause human sperm immobilization in vitro. Methods: Chloroform extract, ben-...Aim: To examine if the seed extracts of Carica papaya, which showed anfispermatogenic/sperm immobilizationproperties in animal models, could cause human sperm immobilization in vitro. Methods: Chloroform extract, ben-zene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract, its methanol and ethyl acetate sub-fractions and the isolatedcompounds from the sub-fractions i. e., ECP 1 & 2 and MCP 1 & 2, of the seeds of Carica papaya were used at con-centrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. Sperm motility was assessed immediately after addition of extracts and ev-ery 5 minutes thereafter for 30 minutes. Results: There were dose-dependent spermicidal effects showing an instantfall in the sperm motility to less than 20% at 2% concentration. Isolated compounds ECP 1 & 2 were more effective in-ducing a motility of less than 10%. Many of the spermatozoa became vibratory on the spot. Total inhibition of motilitywas observed within 20-25 rain at all concentrations of all products. Scanning and transmission electron microscopyrevealed deleterious changes in the plasma membrane of the head and mid-piece of spermatozoa. Sperm viability testand the number of abnormal spermatozoa after completion of incubation suggested that the spermatozoa were infertile.The effects were spermicidal but not spermiostatic as revealed by the sperm revival test. Conclusion: The results re-veal spermicidal activity in vitro of the seed extracts of Carica papaya.展开更多
This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of pap...This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of papaya seeds. The papayas were bought at the Mzée market in Lubumbashi and Selembao in Kinshasa. Fruit sampling was done according to the ISO 7002 standard on agricultural and food products;the papayas were firm, mature, and without stains or physical damage. The analysis results of the papaya pulp showed both for the samples from the city of Lubumbashi and for the city province of Kinshasa that it contains respectively 85.87% and 84.46% water, 0.59% and 0.53% ash content. The mineral evaluation of our two samples presented a potassium content of 200 ± 8 mg, magnesium 13.12 ± 3 mg, calcium 22.15 ± 2 mg, sodium 3 mg ± 0.5 for the sample from Lubumbashi and 192.32 ± 8 mg of potassium, 14.458 ± 3 mg of magnesium, 20.58 ± 2 mg of calcium and 3.58 ± 0.5 mg of sodium for the sample from Kinshasa in macroelements. Concerning the trace elements, after analysis, we found zinc content (0.29 ± 0.1 mg and 0.12 ± 0.1 mg), copper (0.02 ± 0.01 mg and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg), and iron (2.22 ± 0.5 mg and 2.04 ± 0.5 mg) respectively for Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The chemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins catechics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the palm wine and ethanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya and an absence of cyanogenic glycosides and gallic tannins. With mild toxicity, the seeds of the fruit of Carica papaya L. can be used with moderate risk by the population.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed...OBJECTIVE： Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male rats. METHODS： Thirty male rats were separated into 6 groups （A-F） of five rats each. For 14 d before ulcer induction with indomethacin, groups received once daily oral doses of vehicle （distilled water）, cimetidine 200 mg/kg body weight （BW）, or aqueous extract of C. papaya seed at doses of 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg BW （groups A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively）. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/kg BW of indomethacin to induce ulcer formation. RESULTS： Carica papaya seed extract significantly （P〈0.05） increased gastric pH and percentage of ulcer inhibition relative to indomethacin-induced ulcer rats. The extract significantly （P〈0.05） decreased gastric acidity, gastric acid output, gastric pepsin secretion, ulcer index and gastric secretion volume relative to group B. These results were similar to that achieved by pretreatment with cimetidine. Specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the extract-treated groups （D, E and F） were increased significantly over the group B （P〈0.05）. Pretreatment with the seed extract protected rats from the indomethacin-mediated decrease in enzyme function experienced by the group B. Similarly, indomethacin-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione level and indomethacin-mediated increase in malondialdehyde were reversed by Carica papaya extract. CONCLUSION： In this study, pretreatment with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed exhibited anti- ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects, which may be due to the enhanced antioxidant enzymes.展开更多
The contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya seeds after short-term evaluation has been well established. We have examined the safety and mechanism of contraception in rats after long-term treatment with the methanol s...The contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya seeds after short-term evaluation has been well established. We have examined the safety and mechanism of contraception in rats after long-term treatment with the methanol subfraction （MSF） of C. papaya seeds. The test substance was administered orally to the male albino rats （n = 40） at 50 mg per kg body weight each day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 40） received olive oil as a vehicle. Recovery was assessed up to 120 days after treatment withdrawal. Sperm parameters, serum testosterone levels, fertility, histology and ultrastructure of the testis, haematology and serum clinical chemistry were evaluated to establish the safety and efficacy of the test substance. Safety of long-term treatment was evidenced by unaltered health status, organ weight, haematology and clinical chemistry, and by an increase in body weight. The mechanism of contraception was shown by reduction in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume, normal nuclear characteristics and vacuolization in the cytoplasmic organelles of the Sertoli cells, as well as nuclear degeneration in spermatocytes and spermatids indicating disturbed spermatogenesis. Leydig cells were normal. Initial effects were observed in Sertoli cells at 60 days of treatment. Spermatocytes and spermatids were affected after 120-240 days of treatment. A significant decline in sperm count and viability, total inhibition of sperm motility, increased numbers of sperm abnormalities, normal serum testosterone levels and 100% sterility were evident after 60 days of treatment. All the altered parameters, including percent fertility, were restored to control level 120 days after treatment withdrawal. It is concluded that the MSF is safe for long-term treatment and the mechanism of contraception is shown by its effect on spermatid differentiation in the testis, possibly mediated by the Sertoli cell factors.展开更多
Objective To identify and analyze the volatile constituents in the leaves and fruits of Ficus carica. Methods Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used. Results The major compo...Objective To identify and analyze the volatile constituents in the leaves and fruits of Ficus carica. Methods Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used. Results The major components detected in volatile oil of the leaves were psoralen (10.12%), β-damascenone (10.17%), benzyl alcohol (4.56%), behenic acid (4.79%), and bergapten (1.99%), etc. The major components detected in volatile oil of the fruits were furfural (10.55%), 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde (10.1%), and benzeneacetaldehyde (6.59%), etc. Conclusion A total of 121 volatile constituents are identified in the leaves and 108 in the fruits of F. carica, among which 103 constituents are identified for the first time in the leaves and 100 in the fruits. Eighteen volatile constituents are identified in both leaves and fruits.展开更多
The main objective of the current study is to investigate the potential of Carica papaya leaves extracts against Dengue fever in 45 year old patient bitten by carrier mosquitoes.For the treatment of Dengue fever the e...The main objective of the current study is to investigate the potential of Carica papaya leaves extracts against Dengue fever in 45 year old patient bitten by carrier mosquitoes.For the treatment of Dengue fever the extract was prepared in water.25 mL of aqueous extract of C.papaya leaves was administered to patient infected with Dengue fever twice daily i.e.morning and evening for five consecutive days.Before the extract administration the blood samples from patient were analyzed.Platelets count(PLT),White Blood Cells(WBC) and Neutrophils(NEUT) decreased from 176×10~3/μ L,8.10×10~3/μ L,84.0%to 55×10~3/μ L,3.7×10~3/μL and 46.0%.Subsequently,the blood samples were rechecked after the administration of leaves extract.It was observed that the PLT count increased from 55×10~3/μ L to 168×10~3/μ L,WBC from 3.7×10~3/μ L to 7.7×10~3/μ L and NEUT from 46.0%to 78.3%.From the patient feelings and blood reports it showed that Carica papaya leaves aqueous extract exhibited potential activity against Dengue fever.Furthermore,the different parts of this valuable specie can be further used as a strong natural candidate against viral diseases.展开更多
Objective:To explore the impact of Ficus carica fruit aqueous extract on fertility parameters in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced male rats.Methods:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four different grou...Objective:To explore the impact of Ficus carica fruit aqueous extract on fertility parameters in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced male rats.Methods:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four different groups.All groups except a normal control group were induced with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ)intravenously to induce diabetes.A positive control group was treated with an antidiabetic drug,metformin(500 mg/kg)whereas a negative control group remained untreated throughout the experiment.Meanwhile,another diabetic rat group received treatment with 400 mg/kg of aqueous Ficus carica fruit extract.Rats in the treatment group were administered Ficus carica fruit aqueous extract daily through forcefeeding via oral gavage for a 21-day period.Assessments included the sperm quality(count,motility and morphology),histology of the testes,serum testosterone and fasting blood glucose(FBG)level.Results:The FBG level of the Ficus carica-treated rats exhibited a significant decrease compared to the negative control group(P<0.05).Sperm quality analysis also indicated that the aqueous Ficus carica extract had significant positive effects on sperm count and motility(P<0.05).The histology of the testes in Ficus caricatreated rats revealed an improved cell arrangement in the germinal cell layer.Furthermore,serum testosterone level showed an increment in the Ficus carica treatment group in comparison to the negative control group.Conclusions:Our findings provide compelling evidence for the profertility and anti-hyperglycemic properties of aqueous Ficus carica fruit extract in diabetic-induced male rats.展开更多
Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys...Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）展开更多
Objective:To assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya（Caricaceae） on the eggs and first stage larvae（L<sub>1</sub>） of Heligmosomoid...Objective:To assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya（Caricaceae） on the eggs and first stage larvae（L<sub>1</sub>） of Heligmosomoides bakeri.Methods:Eggs of this parasite were obtained from experimentally infested mice（Mus musculus） and larvae were from eggs after incubation at 25℃for about 72 hours.The eggs and larvae were exposed to ten different concentrations（0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5, 0.75,1.0,1.25,1.75,2.25 and 2.75 mg/mL） of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively for 72 hours.Distilled water and 0.05%ethanol used as placebo and negative control,respectively. Results:Placebo and negative control group all showed average 92%embryonnation,98%egg hatching and 2%larval mortality,and did not affect development and larval survival.The extracts inhibited embryonic development,egg hatching and larval survival.In general,the ovicidal and larvicidal activities increased with increasing concentration of different extracts.The aqueous extract was found to be more potent on eggs than on larvae.At 2.75 mg/mL,only 8%of eggs embryonnated and 50%hatched to L<sub>1</sub> vs 57%embryonic development and 79%hatching occurred in the ethanolic extract.However,this later extract was more efficient in preventing larval development producing 96%mortality as against 68%with the aqueous extract.Conclusions: These results shows the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of aqueous and ethanolic pawpaw seeds extracts.展开更多
Objective:To investigate thein vitroantioxidant potential of Carica papaya(C. papaya) leaf extract and its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage assessed by haemolysis and lipid peroxidation.Methods:H...Objective:To investigate thein vitroantioxidant potential of Carica papaya(C. papaya) leaf extract and its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage assessed by haemolysis and lipid peroxidation.Methods:Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, hydrogen ion scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and the ferrous ion reducing ability were assessed as antioxidant indices. In the other experiment, human erythrocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide to induce erythrocyte damage. The extract(at various concentrations) was subsequently incubated with the erythrocytes and later analysed for haemolysis and lipid peroxidation as indices for erythrocyte damage.Results:Preliminary investigation of the extract showed that the leaf possessed significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities usingin vitro models in a concentration dependent manner(P<0.05). The extract also reduced hydrogen peroxide induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation significantly when compared with ascorbic acid(P<0.05). The IC50values were 7.33 mg/mL and 1.58 mg/mL for inhibition of haemolysis and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In all cases, ascorbic acid(the reference antioxidant) possessed higher activity than the extract.Conclusions:The findings show that C. papayaleaves possess significant bioactive potential which is attributed to the phytochemicals which act in synergy.Thus, the leaves can be exploited for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes.展开更多
The random amplified mirosatellite polymorphism method was performed in a set of Tunisian fig landraces using eighteen primer combinations. A total of sixty three random amplified microsatellite polymorphism （RAMPO）...The random amplified mirosatellite polymorphism method was performed in a set of Tunisian fig landraces using eighteen primer combinations. A total of sixty three random amplified microsatellite polymorphism （RAMPO） markers were scored and used either to assess the genetic diversity in these cultivars or to detect cases of mislabeling. Opportunely, data proved that the designed procedure constitutes an attractive and fast method with low costs and prevents radio exposure. As a result, we have identified the primer combinations that are the most efficient to detect genetic polymorphism in this crop. Therefore, the derived unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） dendrogram illustrates the genetic divergence among the landraces studied and exhibits a typically continuous variation. Moreover, no evident correlation between the sexes of trees was observed. In addition, using these markers, discrimination between landraces has been achieved. Thus, random amplified mirosatellite polymor- phism is proved to be powerful for characterizing the local fig germplasm.展开更多
Objective:To scientifically verify the claims of our traditional healers on the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya(C.papaya) and possibly deduce its activities.Methods:0.1 mL of fresh egg albumin was injected...Objective:To scientifically verify the claims of our traditional healers on the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya(C.papaya) and possibly deduce its activities.Methods:0.1 mL of fresh egg albumin was injected into the right hind-paw of adult white Wistar rats to induce inflammation an hour post intraperitoneal(IP) administration of 50-200 mg/kg doses of the extract to 3 groups of 5 rats per group.The 4th group of 5 rats was used as negative control and received 2 mL/kg(IP) of physiological saline,while the 5th group of 5 rats was used as positive-comparative control and received(IP) 150 mg/kg of aspirin.Increases in diameter of the paw were measured with the aid of Veneer Calipers before extract administration and at interval of 30 minutes post administration for further 2 hours.Percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for each dose group and results were subjected to statistical analysis using student /-test and analysis of variance(ANOVA).Results:All doses of extract showed a dose and time dependent inhibition effects of oedema(P【0.05).Conclusions:This work is at present though limited to animals,the anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of C.papaya is perhaps proven.展开更多
Papaya is a rich source of nutrients,antioxidants,and vitamins;however,it is highly perishable and hence needs to be preserved using suitable unit operations.Drying is an economical method of papaya treatment,but resu...Papaya is a rich source of nutrients,antioxidants,and vitamins;however,it is highly perishable and hence needs to be preserved using suitable unit operations.Drying is an economical method of papaya treatment,but results in the loss of essential nutrients and also degrades its pigments,color,and texture.Therefore,this work aims to utilize ultrasound and osmotic dehydration as pretreatment strategies to preserve the rich composition of papaya during conventional hot air dry-ing.The dried papaya slices were evaluated for moisture content,water activity,total phenolic content,β-carotene,color,antioxidant activity,microstructure,and texture.Results showed that sample pretreatment with 33 kHz ultrasound frequency and dehydrated with 35°Brix osmotic solution resulted in lower moisture content(<12%w.b.)and water activity(<0.41),high phenolic content(88.5 mg GAE/mL),highβ-carotene content(184.54 mg/g)and antioxidant capacity(48.3%),and preserved color after drying.The texture(hardness)of the pretreated samples was also more desirable from an industrial standpoint,which was further validated using SEM micrographs that showed a more porous structure.The study concludes that pretreatment of papaya slices with ultrasound and osmotic dehydration is recommended before drying.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the underlying mechanism of Fanmugua(Fructus Caricae) Leaf(CPL) multicomponent synergistic therapy for anemia.METHODS:The components were identified in the literature.Six databases were search...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the underlying mechanism of Fanmugua(Fructus Caricae) Leaf(CPL) multicomponent synergistic therapy for anemia.METHODS:The components were identified in the literature.Six databases were searched for targets of CPL.Enrichment analysis was used to determine the targets associated with anemia and in bone marrow.Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database,pathways and targets related to hematopoiesis were obtained.The key targets were obtained by protein-protein interaction analysis.Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding ability of key targets and active components.Bone marrow cells were used as an experimental model to verify the drug efficacy.RESULTS:A total of 139 components and 1868 targets of CPL were retrieved from the literature.By disease enrichment analysis,543 targets for hemorrhagic anemia,223 targets for aplastic anemia,and 126 targets for sickle cell anemia were obtained.Target organ enrichment yielded 27,29,and 20 targets of bone marrow.Based on KEGG pathway enrichment,a total of 47 shared hematopoietic pathways and 42 related targets were found.The key targets were vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA),interleukin 10(IL-10),plateletendothelial cell adhesion molecule-1(PECAM1),C-C motif chemokine 2(CCL2),and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM1).The CPL active components included ursolic acid,quercetin,and hesperidin.The expression of VEGFA was significantly increased after CPL treatment.Quercetin and ursolic acid acted on VEGFA.Quercetin and Hesperidin acted on VCAM1.Quercetin acted on IL-10,CCL2,VCAM1,and VEGFA.Cell experiments revealed that CPL could promote the proliferation and migration of bone marrow cells.CONCLUSIONS:CPL has the synergistic efficacy of treating anemia through multiple components,targets,and pathways.展开更多
基金Supported by National Key Technologies R & D Program of China (2009BADA2B02-04)Natural Science Fund of Hainan Province(No.309042)Natural Science Fund of China(No.31171822)
文摘Objective:To determine the content of benzyl glueosinolate（BG） in the pulp and the seed and investigate the anti-cuncer activity of its hydrolysis product in Curica papaya L.Methods: Determination of BG was performed on an Hypersil BDS C<sub>18</sub> column at the wavelength of 214 nm with 0.1%trifluoroacelic acid（TFA） aqueous solution（A） and 0.1%TFA acelonilrile（B） as the mobile phase.In vitro activity test was adopted with cidtured human lung cancer H69 cell in vitro to investigate the inhibition rate of cell proliferation of benzyl isothiocyanale（BITC） againsl H69 cell.Results:The pulp has more BG before the maturation of papaya and it nearly disappeared after papaya matured,while the seed contains BG at every stage.Activity test demonstrated that the a higher concentration of BITC would have betler inhibition rate of cell proliferation on 1169 cell,and the IC<sub>50</sub> was 6.5μmol/L.Conclusions:BG also can be produced in the pulp of papaya and it will be stored in the seed after the fruit has been matured.The hydrolysis product of BG has certain cancer-prevention anti-cancer activities for human.
文摘Carotene pigments in flowers and fruits are distinct features related to fitness advantages such as attracting insects forpollination and birds for seed dispersal.In papaya,the flesh color of the fruit is considered a quality trait that correlateswith nutritional value and is linked to shelf-life of the fruit.To elucidate the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in papaya,we took a candidate gene approach to clone the lycopene β-cyclase gene,LCY-B.A papaya LCY-B ortholog,cpLCY-B,was successfully identified from both cDNA and bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC)libraries and complete genomicsequence was obtained from the positive BAC including the promoter region.This cpLCY-B shared 80% amino acididentity with citrus LCY-B.However,full genomic sequences from both yellow- and red-fleshed papaya were identical.Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)revealed similar levels of expression at six different maturing stages of fruits forboth yellow-and red-fleshed genotypes.Further expression analyses of cpLCY-B showed that its expression levels wereseven- and three-fold higher in leaves and,respectively,flowers than in fruits,suggesting that cpLCY-B is down-regulatedduring the fruit ripening process.
文摘This work consisted of assessing the toxicity of a recipe of three plants used in traditional Togolese medicine. Acute and sub-acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD chemical test guidelines n˚423 dated December 17, 2001 and n˚407 dated October 3, 2008 respectively. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. No significant toxicity was observed after 14 and 28 days, although a dose-dependent decrease in creatinemia was observed in male rats (the recipe to be used to moderate creatinine levels). Cytotoxicity was without effect on NCM 365 cells. The results obtained justify the use of the recipe in traditional medicine.
文摘Aim: To examine if the seed extracts of Carica papaya, which showed anfispermatogenic/sperm immobilizationproperties in animal models, could cause human sperm immobilization in vitro. Methods: Chloroform extract, ben-zene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract, its methanol and ethyl acetate sub-fractions and the isolatedcompounds from the sub-fractions i. e., ECP 1 & 2 and MCP 1 & 2, of the seeds of Carica papaya were used at con-centrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. Sperm motility was assessed immediately after addition of extracts and ev-ery 5 minutes thereafter for 30 minutes. Results: There were dose-dependent spermicidal effects showing an instantfall in the sperm motility to less than 20% at 2% concentration. Isolated compounds ECP 1 & 2 were more effective in-ducing a motility of less than 10%. Many of the spermatozoa became vibratory on the spot. Total inhibition of motilitywas observed within 20-25 rain at all concentrations of all products. Scanning and transmission electron microscopyrevealed deleterious changes in the plasma membrane of the head and mid-piece of spermatozoa. Sperm viability testand the number of abnormal spermatozoa after completion of incubation suggested that the spermatozoa were infertile.The effects were spermicidal but not spermiostatic as revealed by the sperm revival test. Conclusion: The results re-veal spermicidal activity in vitro of the seed extracts of Carica papaya.
文摘This work aimed, on the one hand, to determine the mineral and phytochemical composition of Carica papaya in order to guarantee the food safety of consumers and on the other hand, to evaluate the acute toxicity of papaya seeds. The papayas were bought at the Mzée market in Lubumbashi and Selembao in Kinshasa. Fruit sampling was done according to the ISO 7002 standard on agricultural and food products;the papayas were firm, mature, and without stains or physical damage. The analysis results of the papaya pulp showed both for the samples from the city of Lubumbashi and for the city province of Kinshasa that it contains respectively 85.87% and 84.46% water, 0.59% and 0.53% ash content. The mineral evaluation of our two samples presented a potassium content of 200 ± 8 mg, magnesium 13.12 ± 3 mg, calcium 22.15 ± 2 mg, sodium 3 mg ± 0.5 for the sample from Lubumbashi and 192.32 ± 8 mg of potassium, 14.458 ± 3 mg of magnesium, 20.58 ± 2 mg of calcium and 3.58 ± 0.5 mg of sodium for the sample from Kinshasa in macroelements. Concerning the trace elements, after analysis, we found zinc content (0.29 ± 0.1 mg and 0.12 ± 0.1 mg), copper (0.02 ± 0.01 mg and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg), and iron (2.22 ± 0.5 mg and 2.04 ± 0.5 mg) respectively for Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The chemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, saponosides, tannins catechics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the palm wine and ethanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya and an absence of cyanogenic glycosides and gallic tannins. With mild toxicity, the seeds of the fruit of Carica papaya L. can be used with moderate risk by the population.
文摘OBJECTIVE： Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male rats. METHODS： Thirty male rats were separated into 6 groups （A-F） of five rats each. For 14 d before ulcer induction with indomethacin, groups received once daily oral doses of vehicle （distilled water）, cimetidine 200 mg/kg body weight （BW）, or aqueous extract of C. papaya seed at doses of 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg BW （groups A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively）. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/kg BW of indomethacin to induce ulcer formation. RESULTS： Carica papaya seed extract significantly （P〈0.05） increased gastric pH and percentage of ulcer inhibition relative to indomethacin-induced ulcer rats. The extract significantly （P〈0.05） decreased gastric acidity, gastric acid output, gastric pepsin secretion, ulcer index and gastric secretion volume relative to group B. These results were similar to that achieved by pretreatment with cimetidine. Specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the extract-treated groups （D, E and F） were increased significantly over the group B （P〈0.05）. Pretreatment with the seed extract protected rats from the indomethacin-mediated decrease in enzyme function experienced by the group B. Similarly, indomethacin-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione level and indomethacin-mediated increase in malondialdehyde were reversed by Carica papaya extract. CONCLUSION： In this study, pretreatment with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed exhibited anti- ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects, which may be due to the enhanced antioxidant enzymes.
文摘The contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya seeds after short-term evaluation has been well established. We have examined the safety and mechanism of contraception in rats after long-term treatment with the methanol subfraction （MSF） of C. papaya seeds. The test substance was administered orally to the male albino rats （n = 40） at 50 mg per kg body weight each day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 40） received olive oil as a vehicle. Recovery was assessed up to 120 days after treatment withdrawal. Sperm parameters, serum testosterone levels, fertility, histology and ultrastructure of the testis, haematology and serum clinical chemistry were evaluated to establish the safety and efficacy of the test substance. Safety of long-term treatment was evidenced by unaltered health status, organ weight, haematology and clinical chemistry, and by an increase in body weight. The mechanism of contraception was shown by reduction in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume, normal nuclear characteristics and vacuolization in the cytoplasmic organelles of the Sertoli cells, as well as nuclear degeneration in spermatocytes and spermatids indicating disturbed spermatogenesis. Leydig cells were normal. Initial effects were observed in Sertoli cells at 60 days of treatment. Spermatocytes and spermatids were affected after 120-240 days of treatment. A significant decline in sperm count and viability, total inhibition of sperm motility, increased numbers of sperm abnormalities, normal serum testosterone levels and 100% sterility were evident after 60 days of treatment. All the altered parameters, including percent fertility, were restored to control level 120 days after treatment withdrawal. It is concluded that the MSF is safe for long-term treatment and the mechanism of contraception is shown by its effect on spermatid differentiation in the testis, possibly mediated by the Sertoli cell factors.
基金the Project of Researches in Application and Development of Figs in Atushi aided by Atushi Agricultural Bureau in Xinjiang, China
文摘Objective To identify and analyze the volatile constituents in the leaves and fruits of Ficus carica. Methods Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used. Results The major components detected in volatile oil of the leaves were psoralen (10.12%), β-damascenone (10.17%), benzyl alcohol (4.56%), behenic acid (4.79%), and bergapten (1.99%), etc. The major components detected in volatile oil of the fruits were furfural (10.55%), 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde (10.1%), and benzeneacetaldehyde (6.59%), etc. Conclusion A total of 121 volatile constituents are identified in the leaves and 108 in the fruits of F. carica, among which 103 constituents are identified for the first time in the leaves and 100 in the fruits. Eighteen volatile constituents are identified in both leaves and fruits.
文摘The main objective of the current study is to investigate the potential of Carica papaya leaves extracts against Dengue fever in 45 year old patient bitten by carrier mosquitoes.For the treatment of Dengue fever the extract was prepared in water.25 mL of aqueous extract of C.papaya leaves was administered to patient infected with Dengue fever twice daily i.e.morning and evening for five consecutive days.Before the extract administration the blood samples from patient were analyzed.Platelets count(PLT),White Blood Cells(WBC) and Neutrophils(NEUT) decreased from 176×10~3/μ L,8.10×10~3/μ L,84.0%to 55×10~3/μ L,3.7×10~3/μL and 46.0%.Subsequently,the blood samples were rechecked after the administration of leaves extract.It was observed that the PLT count increased from 55×10~3/μ L to 168×10~3/μ L,WBC from 3.7×10~3/μ L to 7.7×10~3/μ L and NEUT from 46.0%to 78.3%.From the patient feelings and blood reports it showed that Carica papaya leaves aqueous extract exhibited potential activity against Dengue fever.Furthermore,the different parts of this valuable specie can be further used as a strong natural candidate against viral diseases.
文摘Objective:To explore the impact of Ficus carica fruit aqueous extract on fertility parameters in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced male rats.Methods:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four different groups.All groups except a normal control group were induced with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ)intravenously to induce diabetes.A positive control group was treated with an antidiabetic drug,metformin(500 mg/kg)whereas a negative control group remained untreated throughout the experiment.Meanwhile,another diabetic rat group received treatment with 400 mg/kg of aqueous Ficus carica fruit extract.Rats in the treatment group were administered Ficus carica fruit aqueous extract daily through forcefeeding via oral gavage for a 21-day period.Assessments included the sperm quality(count,motility and morphology),histology of the testes,serum testosterone and fasting blood glucose(FBG)level.Results:The FBG level of the Ficus carica-treated rats exhibited a significant decrease compared to the negative control group(P<0.05).Sperm quality analysis also indicated that the aqueous Ficus carica extract had significant positive effects on sperm count and motility(P<0.05).The histology of the testes in Ficus caricatreated rats revealed an improved cell arrangement in the germinal cell layer.Furthermore,serum testosterone level showed an increment in the Ficus carica treatment group in comparison to the negative control group.Conclusions:Our findings provide compelling evidence for the profertility and anti-hyperglycemic properties of aqueous Ficus carica fruit extract in diabetic-induced male rats.
文摘Aim： To assess the contraceptive efficacy of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkeys. Methods： The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals （n = 3） received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests. Results： Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60--120 days of treatment withdrawal. Conclusion- The results suggest that the benzene chro- matographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility. （Asian JAndro12008 Mar; 10： 298-306）
文摘Objective:To assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya（Caricaceae） on the eggs and first stage larvae（L<sub>1</sub>） of Heligmosomoides bakeri.Methods:Eggs of this parasite were obtained from experimentally infested mice（Mus musculus） and larvae were from eggs after incubation at 25℃for about 72 hours.The eggs and larvae were exposed to ten different concentrations（0.125,0.25,0.375,0.5, 0.75,1.0,1.25,1.75,2.25 and 2.75 mg/mL） of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively for 72 hours.Distilled water and 0.05%ethanol used as placebo and negative control,respectively. Results:Placebo and negative control group all showed average 92%embryonnation,98%egg hatching and 2%larval mortality,and did not affect development and larval survival.The extracts inhibited embryonic development,egg hatching and larval survival.In general,the ovicidal and larvicidal activities increased with increasing concentration of different extracts.The aqueous extract was found to be more potent on eggs than on larvae.At 2.75 mg/mL,only 8%of eggs embryonnated and 50%hatched to L<sub>1</sub> vs 57%embryonic development and 79%hatching occurred in the ethanolic extract.However,this later extract was more efficient in preventing larval development producing 96%mortality as against 68%with the aqueous extract.Conclusions: These results shows the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of aqueous and ethanolic pawpaw seeds extracts.
文摘Objective:To investigate thein vitroantioxidant potential of Carica papaya(C. papaya) leaf extract and its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage assessed by haemolysis and lipid peroxidation.Methods:Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, hydrogen ion scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and the ferrous ion reducing ability were assessed as antioxidant indices. In the other experiment, human erythrocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide to induce erythrocyte damage. The extract(at various concentrations) was subsequently incubated with the erythrocytes and later analysed for haemolysis and lipid peroxidation as indices for erythrocyte damage.Results:Preliminary investigation of the extract showed that the leaf possessed significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities usingin vitro models in a concentration dependent manner(P<0.05). The extract also reduced hydrogen peroxide induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation significantly when compared with ascorbic acid(P<0.05). The IC50values were 7.33 mg/mL and 1.58 mg/mL for inhibition of haemolysis and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In all cases, ascorbic acid(the reference antioxidant) possessed higher activity than the extract.Conclusions:The findings show that C. papayaleaves possess significant bioactive potential which is attributed to the phytochemicals which act in synergy.Thus, the leaves can be exploited for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes.
基金Supported by the Tunisian Ministry of Scientic Research, Technology and Development of Competences. Publication of this paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30624808） and Science Publication Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘The random amplified mirosatellite polymorphism method was performed in a set of Tunisian fig landraces using eighteen primer combinations. A total of sixty three random amplified microsatellite polymorphism （RAMPO） markers were scored and used either to assess the genetic diversity in these cultivars or to detect cases of mislabeling. Opportunely, data proved that the designed procedure constitutes an attractive and fast method with low costs and prevents radio exposure. As a result, we have identified the primer combinations that are the most efficient to detect genetic polymorphism in this crop. Therefore, the derived unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages （UPGMA） dendrogram illustrates the genetic divergence among the landraces studied and exhibits a typically continuous variation. Moreover, no evident correlation between the sexes of trees was observed. In addition, using these markers, discrimination between landraces has been achieved. Thus, random amplified mirosatellite polymor- phism is proved to be powerful for characterizing the local fig germplasm.
文摘Objective:To scientifically verify the claims of our traditional healers on the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya(C.papaya) and possibly deduce its activities.Methods:0.1 mL of fresh egg albumin was injected into the right hind-paw of adult white Wistar rats to induce inflammation an hour post intraperitoneal(IP) administration of 50-200 mg/kg doses of the extract to 3 groups of 5 rats per group.The 4th group of 5 rats was used as negative control and received 2 mL/kg(IP) of physiological saline,while the 5th group of 5 rats was used as positive-comparative control and received(IP) 150 mg/kg of aspirin.Increases in diameter of the paw were measured with the aid of Veneer Calipers before extract administration and at interval of 30 minutes post administration for further 2 hours.Percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for each dose group and results were subjected to statistical analysis using student /-test and analysis of variance(ANOVA).Results:All doses of extract showed a dose and time dependent inhibition effects of oedema(P【0.05).Conclusions:This work is at present though limited to animals,the anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of C.papaya is perhaps proven.
基金supported by the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management—Kundli(NIFTEM-K).
文摘Papaya is a rich source of nutrients,antioxidants,and vitamins;however,it is highly perishable and hence needs to be preserved using suitable unit operations.Drying is an economical method of papaya treatment,but results in the loss of essential nutrients and also degrades its pigments,color,and texture.Therefore,this work aims to utilize ultrasound and osmotic dehydration as pretreatment strategies to preserve the rich composition of papaya during conventional hot air dry-ing.The dried papaya slices were evaluated for moisture content,water activity,total phenolic content,β-carotene,color,antioxidant activity,microstructure,and texture.Results showed that sample pretreatment with 33 kHz ultrasound frequency and dehydrated with 35°Brix osmotic solution resulted in lower moisture content(<12%w.b.)and water activity(<0.41),high phenolic content(88.5 mg GAE/mL),highβ-carotene content(184.54 mg/g)and antioxidant capacity(48.3%),and preserved color after drying.The texture(hardness)of the pretreated samples was also more desirable from an industrial standpoint,which was further validated using SEM micrographs that showed a more porous structure.The study concludes that pretreatment of papaya slices with ultrasound and osmotic dehydration is recommended before drying.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Study on the Effect of Intestinal Bacteria on the Hematopoietic Component Absorption Mechanism of Danggui Buxue Tang(No.82104514)Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project:Based on the Multilevel Pharmacodynamic Model to Explore the Material Basis of Regulation of Erythroid Progenitor Cell Differentiation by Danggui Buxue Tang(No.201707010441)Innovation and University Promotion Project of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University(No.2017KCXTD020)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the underlying mechanism of Fanmugua(Fructus Caricae) Leaf(CPL) multicomponent synergistic therapy for anemia.METHODS:The components were identified in the literature.Six databases were searched for targets of CPL.Enrichment analysis was used to determine the targets associated with anemia and in bone marrow.Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database,pathways and targets related to hematopoiesis were obtained.The key targets were obtained by protein-protein interaction analysis.Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding ability of key targets and active components.Bone marrow cells were used as an experimental model to verify the drug efficacy.RESULTS:A total of 139 components and 1868 targets of CPL were retrieved from the literature.By disease enrichment analysis,543 targets for hemorrhagic anemia,223 targets for aplastic anemia,and 126 targets for sickle cell anemia were obtained.Target organ enrichment yielded 27,29,and 20 targets of bone marrow.Based on KEGG pathway enrichment,a total of 47 shared hematopoietic pathways and 42 related targets were found.The key targets were vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA),interleukin 10(IL-10),plateletendothelial cell adhesion molecule-1(PECAM1),C-C motif chemokine 2(CCL2),and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM1).The CPL active components included ursolic acid,quercetin,and hesperidin.The expression of VEGFA was significantly increased after CPL treatment.Quercetin and ursolic acid acted on VEGFA.Quercetin and Hesperidin acted on VCAM1.Quercetin acted on IL-10,CCL2,VCAM1,and VEGFA.Cell experiments revealed that CPL could promote the proliferation and migration of bone marrow cells.CONCLUSIONS:CPL has the synergistic efficacy of treating anemia through multiple components,targets,and pathways.
