Immature zygotic embryos of Quercus variabilis were as explants to induce somatic embryogenesis. Several factors influencing somatic embryogenesis have been assayed. Somatic embryos can be induced in MS and WPM basal ...Immature zygotic embryos of Quercus variabilis were as explants to induce somatic embryogenesis. Several factors influencing somatic embryogenesis have been assayed. Somatic embryos can be induced in MS and WPM basal medium, but there was more quantity, big size and high induction rate in MS medium. Induction rate was not significant cultured in light and dark condition. Zygotic embryos, collected in middle of July, gave higher rate of somatic embryogenesis than those collected on the earlier or later date. By adding 6-BA in medium individually, somatic embryogenesis appeared directly on the zygotic embryos without detectable callus. Secondary embryogenesis appeared in medium with 2,4-D individual or combined with 6-BA or TDZ. High induction frequency of 90% was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L -1 6-BA and 2,4-D, whereas the rate in hormone-free medium was only 16.7%. The genotypes of mother trees had an great impact on the inducing rate. Zygotic embryo surgery treatments were not favorable to embryogenesis. It was best to inoculate with entire zygotic embryos. The hypocotyl was a crucial part on somatic embryogenesis for Q. variabilis.展开更多
The crop types and agricultural characteristic are reconstructed using the archaeobiological proxies of pollen, seed and phytolith at Xishanping site in Gansu Province between 5250 and 4300 cal a BP. The agricultural ...The crop types and agricultural characteristic are reconstructed using the archaeobiological proxies of pollen, seed and phytolith at Xishanping site in Gansu Province between 5250 and 4300 cal a BP. The agricultural activity strengthened in Xishanping from 5100 cal a BP. It appeared the earliest cultivation of prehistoric rice in the most northwest China at 5070 cal a BP. The sudden disappearance of conifers and expansion of chestnut trees is likely to be the result of selective hewing of conifers and cultivation of chestnuts at about 4600 cal a BP. There existed 8 crop types of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, rice, wheat, barley, oats, soybean and buckwheat at Xishanping between 4650 and 4300 cal a BP, which cover the main crop types of the two origin centers of East and West Asia. Not only has the wheat and barley been approved to spread to northwestern China, but the earliest complexity agriculture in Neo-lithic China appeared in Tianshui, Gansu Province.展开更多
根据渤海湾西岸有孔虫和介形虫与年代学(AMS14C和OSL测年)研究,将该段岩心自下而上划分为6个沉积单元(U1—U6),它们依次形成于晚更新世的河流及全新世的潮滩、浅海、前三角洲、三角洲前缘和三角洲平原沉积环境,结束于约35 ka的U1单元的...根据渤海湾西岸有孔虫和介形虫与年代学(AMS14C和OSL测年)研究,将该段岩心自下而上划分为6个沉积单元(U1—U6),它们依次形成于晚更新世的河流及全新世的潮滩、浅海、前三角洲、三角洲前缘和三角洲平原沉积环境,结束于约35 ka的U1单元的陆相环境,证实晚更新世低海面时渤海湾西岸未受海水影响。U1和U2单元之间,存在历时约27 ka的沉积间断(35～8.5 ka cal BP),研究区因此缺失早全新世沉积。U2单元的潮滩环境指示全新世海侵于8.5 ka cal BP到达渤海湾西岸,当时相对海平面为-16.7 m。U3单元为浅海环境,约6 ka cal BP时相对海平面上升到-6.8～-1.8 m。8.5～6 ka cal BP期间的海面上升速率是0.4～0.6 cm/a,可能与MWP1C事件有关。U4—U5单元,转为三角洲环境,沉积速率增大,反映自3.7 ka cal BP河流输入影响加强,约1.3 ka cal BP时成陆,形成U6单元。晚更新世35 ka以来的陆海环境演化,总体上是对气候变化控制下的海面变化的响应。展开更多
AIM： To investigate the expression profile of IL-8 in inflammatory and malignant colorectal diseases to evaluate its potential role in the regulation of colorectal cancer （CRC） and the development of colorectal liv...AIM： To investigate the expression profile of IL-8 in inflammatory and malignant colorectal diseases to evaluate its potential role in the regulation of colorectal cancer （CRC） and the development of colorectal liver metastases （CRLM）.METHODS： IL-8 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR （Q-RT-PCR） and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） in resected specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis （UC, n = 6） colorectal adenomas （CRA, n = 8）, different stages of colorectal cancer （n = 48） as well as synchronous and metachronous CRLM along with their corresponding primary colorectal tumors （n = 16）.RESULTS： IL-8 mRNA and protein expression was significantly up-regulated in all pathological colorectal entities investigated compared with the corresponding neighboring tissues. However, in the CRC specimens IL-8 revealed a significantly more pronounced overexpression in relation to the CRA and UC tissues with an average 30-fold IL-8 protein up-regulation in the CRC specimens in comparison to the CRA tissues. Moreover, [L-8 expression revealed a close correlation with tumor grading. Most interestingly, IL-8 up-regulation was most enhanced in synchronous and metachronous CRLM, if compared with the corresponding primary CRC tissues. Herein, an up to 80-fold IL-8 overexpression in individual metachronous metastases compared to normal tumor neighbor tissues was found.CONCLUSION： Our results strongly suggest an association between IL-8 expression, induction and progression of colorectal carcinoma and the development of colorectal liver metastases.展开更多
A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS 14 C chr...A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS 14 C chronological method. The 14 C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using 210 Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2-11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.展开更多
Early pottery sherds excavated in northern China date back to more than 11,000 cal a BP,and are presumed to have been used as cooking vessels.There has been,however,no direct evidence to demonstrate this function.Here...Early pottery sherds excavated in northern China date back to more than 11,000 cal a BP,and are presumed to have been used as cooking vessels.There has been,however,no direct evidence to demonstrate this function.Here we report ancient starch grains recovered from carbonized residues adhering to the bases of flatbottomed vessels excavated from the Zhuannian site dating more than 10,000 cal a BP in the North China Plain.This evidence demonstrates that early pottery was being used to cook cereal grains,particularly millets,and acorns.Because millets were in the process of domestication at thistime,we propose that pottery invention in northern China may have been related to early farming activities.展开更多
Black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii juveniles （30-40 mm total length） were immersed in a range of calcein （CAL） solutions at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L and alizarin red S （ARS） solutions at concen...Black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii juveniles （30-40 mm total length） were immersed in a range of calcein （CAL） solutions at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L and alizarin red S （ARS） solutions at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L in filtered seawater （salinity 30） for 24 h. Fluorescent marks were detected in otoliths （sagittae, asteriscus）, scales, fin rays （dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fin rays）, and fin spines （dorsal, ventral, and anal fin spines） after a 60-d growth experiment. With the exception of 50-100 rng/L CAL, acceptable marks were produced in the otoliths and fin spines by all concentrations of CAL and ARS. In particular, marks were clearly visible under normal light in the sagittae, asteriscus, and fin spines offish immersed in 200 500 mg/L, 300-500 rag/L, and 200-500 mg/LARS, respectively. Scales and fin rays had acceptable marks at much higher concentrations （≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥300 mg/L ARS for scales and ≥50 mg/L CAL,≥200 mg/L ARS for fin rays）. The mark quality was highest （i.e., acceptable marks were observed in all sampled structures after immersion marking） in fish immersed in 150-250 mg/L CAL or 300-500 mg/LARS. In addition, there was no significant difference in survival and growth of marked fish compared with controls 60 d post-marking （P〉0.05）.展开更多
The emergence of complex society is a milestone in the history of human society evolution. China is one of the few regions in the world where the earliest complex society appeared; however, its driving mechanisms rema...The emergence of complex society is a milestone in the history of human society evolution. China is one of the few regions in the world where the earliest complex society appeared; however, its driving mechanisms remain unresolved. On the base of available evidence from both archaeology and Holocene climate, in combination with agency theory, this study attempts to address the driving mechanisms for the simultaneous emergence of complex societies in multiple areas of China around 5.5 cal ka BP. It is hypothesized that three factors, including climate change, population growth, and circumscription, jointly act and cause regional population-resource imbalance and trigger inter-group conflicts and wars. Such competitions provide the opportunity for some power-pursuing agents to break the restriction of social leveling mechanism and to become the centralized decision-making leaders, which further lead to the emergence of incipient large-scale complex societies. Increase in extreme climate events during 6.0–5.0 cal ka BP cooling period causes frequent occurrence of resource stress and increase in the frequency of inter-group competitions, which creates conditions for the legitimation, institutionalization, and persistence of centralized leadership, and finally leads to the formation of persistent institutionalized inequity. Our research result can explain not only the process and mechanism of complex society formation, but also two phenomena which cannot be reasonably explained by previous theories, that are, why the earliest complex societies in China emerge around 5.5 cal ka BP, and why they appear simultaneously in multiple regions.展开更多
Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture （4600-4300 cal. yr BP...Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture （4600-4300 cal. yr BP）, the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation intensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un- derdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.展开更多
文摘Immature zygotic embryos of Quercus variabilis were as explants to induce somatic embryogenesis. Several factors influencing somatic embryogenesis have been assayed. Somatic embryos can be induced in MS and WPM basal medium, but there was more quantity, big size and high induction rate in MS medium. Induction rate was not significant cultured in light and dark condition. Zygotic embryos, collected in middle of July, gave higher rate of somatic embryogenesis than those collected on the earlier or later date. By adding 6-BA in medium individually, somatic embryogenesis appeared directly on the zygotic embryos without detectable callus. Secondary embryogenesis appeared in medium with 2,4-D individual or combined with 6-BA or TDZ. High induction frequency of 90% was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L -1 6-BA and 2,4-D, whereas the rate in hormone-free medium was only 16.7%. The genotypes of mother trees had an great impact on the inducing rate. Zygotic embryo surgery treatments were not favorable to embryogenesis. It was best to inoculate with entire zygotic embryos. The hypocotyl was a crucial part on somatic embryogenesis for Q. variabilis.
基金Supported by the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-146)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40572108, 40599423 and 40372077)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The crop types and agricultural characteristic are reconstructed using the archaeobiological proxies of pollen, seed and phytolith at Xishanping site in Gansu Province between 5250 and 4300 cal a BP. The agricultural activity strengthened in Xishanping from 5100 cal a BP. It appeared the earliest cultivation of prehistoric rice in the most northwest China at 5070 cal a BP. The sudden disappearance of conifers and expansion of chestnut trees is likely to be the result of selective hewing of conifers and cultivation of chestnuts at about 4600 cal a BP. There existed 8 crop types of foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, rice, wheat, barley, oats, soybean and buckwheat at Xishanping between 4650 and 4300 cal a BP, which cover the main crop types of the two origin centers of East and West Asia. Not only has the wheat and barley been approved to spread to northwestern China, but the earliest complexity agriculture in Neo-lithic China appeared in Tianshui, Gansu Province.
文摘根据渤海湾西岸有孔虫和介形虫与年代学(AMS14C和OSL测年)研究,将该段岩心自下而上划分为6个沉积单元(U1—U6),它们依次形成于晚更新世的河流及全新世的潮滩、浅海、前三角洲、三角洲前缘和三角洲平原沉积环境,结束于约35 ka的U1单元的陆相环境,证实晚更新世低海面时渤海湾西岸未受海水影响。U1和U2单元之间,存在历时约27 ka的沉积间断(35～8.5 ka cal BP),研究区因此缺失早全新世沉积。U2单元的潮滩环境指示全新世海侵于8.5 ka cal BP到达渤海湾西岸,当时相对海平面为-16.7 m。U3单元为浅海环境,约6 ka cal BP时相对海平面上升到-6.8～-1.8 m。8.5～6 ka cal BP期间的海面上升速率是0.4～0.6 cm/a,可能与MWP1C事件有关。U4—U5单元,转为三角洲环境,沉积速率增大,反映自3.7 ka cal BP河流输入影响加强,约1.3 ka cal BP时成陆,形成U6单元。晚更新世35 ka以来的陆海环境演化,总体上是对气候变化控制下的海面变化的响应。
文摘AIM： To investigate the expression profile of IL-8 in inflammatory and malignant colorectal diseases to evaluate its potential role in the regulation of colorectal cancer （CRC） and the development of colorectal liver metastases （CRLM）.METHODS： IL-8 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR （Q-RT-PCR） and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） in resected specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis （UC, n = 6） colorectal adenomas （CRA, n = 8）, different stages of colorectal cancer （n = 48） as well as synchronous and metachronous CRLM along with their corresponding primary colorectal tumors （n = 16）.RESULTS： IL-8 mRNA and protein expression was significantly up-regulated in all pathological colorectal entities investigated compared with the corresponding neighboring tissues. However, in the CRC specimens IL-8 revealed a significantly more pronounced overexpression in relation to the CRA and UC tissues with an average 30-fold IL-8 protein up-regulation in the CRC specimens in comparison to the CRA tissues. Moreover, [L-8 expression revealed a close correlation with tumor grading. Most interestingly, IL-8 up-regulation was most enhanced in synchronous and metachronous CRLM, if compared with the corresponding primary CRC tissues. Herein, an up to 80-fold IL-8 overexpression in individual metachronous metastases compared to normal tumor neighbor tissues was found.CONCLUSION： Our results strongly suggest an association between IL-8 expression, induction and progression of colorectal carcinoma and the development of colorectal liver metastases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40871099 and 40810166)the Knowledge Innovation Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-146 and KZCX2-EW-113)the Special Pilot Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA05120301)
文摘A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS 14 C chronological method. The 14 C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using 210 Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2-11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05130603 and XDA05130402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40771205 and 41371217)
文摘Early pottery sherds excavated in northern China date back to more than 11,000 cal a BP,and are presumed to have been used as cooking vessels.There has been,however,no direct evidence to demonstrate this function.Here we report ancient starch grains recovered from carbonized residues adhering to the bases of flatbottomed vessels excavated from the Zhuannian site dating more than 10,000 cal a BP in the North China Plain.This evidence demonstrates that early pottery was being used to cook cereal grains,particularly millets,and acorns.Because millets were in the process of domestication at thistime,we propose that pottery invention in northern China may have been related to early farming activities.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201003068)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31172447,41176117)
文摘Black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii juveniles （30-40 mm total length） were immersed in a range of calcein （CAL） solutions at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L and alizarin red S （ARS） solutions at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 mg/L in filtered seawater （salinity 30） for 24 h. Fluorescent marks were detected in otoliths （sagittae, asteriscus）, scales, fin rays （dorsal, pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fin rays）, and fin spines （dorsal, ventral, and anal fin spines） after a 60-d growth experiment. With the exception of 50-100 rng/L CAL, acceptable marks were produced in the otoliths and fin spines by all concentrations of CAL and ARS. In particular, marks were clearly visible under normal light in the sagittae, asteriscus, and fin spines offish immersed in 200 500 mg/L, 300-500 rag/L, and 200-500 mg/LARS, respectively. Scales and fin rays had acceptable marks at much higher concentrations （≥50 mg/L CAL, ≥300 mg/L ARS for scales and ≥50 mg/L CAL,≥200 mg/L ARS for fin rays）. The mark quality was highest （i.e., acceptable marks were observed in all sampled structures after immersion marking） in fish immersed in 150-250 mg/L CAL or 300-500 mg/LARS. In addition, there was no significant difference in survival and growth of marked fish compared with controls 60 d post-marking （P〉0.05）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41672176)the State Key Basic Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2015CB953802)
文摘The emergence of complex society is a milestone in the history of human society evolution. China is one of the few regions in the world where the earliest complex society appeared; however, its driving mechanisms remain unresolved. On the base of available evidence from both archaeology and Holocene climate, in combination with agency theory, this study attempts to address the driving mechanisms for the simultaneous emergence of complex societies in multiple areas of China around 5.5 cal ka BP. It is hypothesized that three factors, including climate change, population growth, and circumscription, jointly act and cause regional population-resource imbalance and trigger inter-group conflicts and wars. Such competitions provide the opportunity for some power-pursuing agents to break the restriction of social leveling mechanism and to become the centralized decision-making leaders, which further lead to the emergence of incipient large-scale complex societies. Increase in extreme climate events during 6.0–5.0 cal ka BP cooling period causes frequent occurrence of resource stress and increase in the frequency of inter-group competitions, which creates conditions for the legitimation, institutionalization, and persistence of centralized leadership, and finally leads to the formation of persistent institutionalized inequity. Our research result can explain not only the process and mechanism of complex society formation, but also two phenomena which cannot be reasonably explained by previous theories, that are, why the earliest complex societies in China emerge around 5.5 cal ka BP, and why they appear simultaneously in multiple regions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40271103 Subject Construction of Physical Geography during ＂985＂ and Testing Fund of Nanjing University
文摘Neolithic culture series in the Yishu River Basin developed in the order of Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture. During the early and middle stage of Longshan culture （4600-4300 cal. yr BP）, the climate in the Yishu River Basin was warm and wet. Paddy-oriented agriculture planted paddy was very developed. The society was flourishing with great amount of archaeological sites. The cooling starting in 4200 cal. yr BP made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. This situation intensified the discrepancy between population and resource. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites. About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively un- derdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.
