使用前苏联Valdai 1966～1971年的气象观测资料，研究了通用陆面模式（Common Land Model，CoLM）模拟的水分循环和地表通量在12种土壤质地和8种土壤亮度条件下的差异。结果表明，在相同的气象条件下，模拟的热通量对土壤质地和亮度都...使用前苏联Valdai 1966～1971年的气象观测资料，研究了通用陆面模式（Common Land Model，CoLM）模拟的水分循环和地表通量在12种土壤质地和8种土壤亮度条件下的差异。结果表明，在相同的气象条件下，模拟的热通量对土壤质地和亮度都比较敏感，而地表水文过程只对土壤质地敏感。土壤亮度相同时，相对砂性土壤，粘土含量高的土壤保水性强，土壤湿度、地表蒸发和径流量都比较大（月均最大差值：土壤湿度约为5kg·m^-2，地表蒸发和径流量约为年降水量的7％和1．2％），相应地在热通量分配上存在明显差异（月均最大差值为8W·m^-2）；土壤质地相同，亮度由亮变暗时，潜热通量变化很小，地表温度略有升高，而感热通量和净辐射增加显著（月均摄大差值为7W·m^-2）。土壤质地和亮度对模拟的影响主要存在于降水少、植被覆盖度低的3～5月。展开更多
The most prominent causes of loss of vision in individuals over 50 years include age-related macular degeneration(AMD),glaucoma,and diabetic retinopathy(DR).While it is important to screen for these diseases effective...The most prominent causes of loss of vision in individuals over 50 years include age-related macular degeneration(AMD),glaucoma,and diabetic retinopathy(DR).While it is important to screen for these diseases effectively,current eye care is not properly doing so for much of the population,resulting in unfortunate visual disability and high costs for patients.Innovative functional testing can be unified with other screening methods for a more robust and safer screening and prediction of disease.The goal in the creation of functional testing modalities is to develop highly sensitive screening tests that are easy to use,accessible to all users,and inexpensive.The tests herein are deployed on an iPad with easily understood and intuitive instructions for rapid,streamlined,and automatic administration.These testing modalities could become highly sensitive screenings for early detection of potentially blinding diseases.The applications from our collaborators at AMA Optics include a cone photostress recovery test for detection of AMD and diabetic macular edema(DME),brightness balance perception for optic nerve dysfunction and especially glaucoma,color vision testing which is a broad screening tool,and visual acuity test.Machine learning with the combined structural and functional data will optimize identification of disease and prediction of outcomes.Here,we review and assess various tests of visual function that are easily administered on a tablet for screening in primary care.These user-friendly and simple screening tests allow patients to be identified in the early stages of disease for referral to specialists,proper assessment and treatment.展开更多
文摘使用前苏联Valdai 1966～1971年的气象观测资料，研究了通用陆面模式（Common Land Model，CoLM）模拟的水分循环和地表通量在12种土壤质地和8种土壤亮度条件下的差异。结果表明，在相同的气象条件下，模拟的热通量对土壤质地和亮度都比较敏感，而地表水文过程只对土壤质地敏感。土壤亮度相同时，相对砂性土壤，粘土含量高的土壤保水性强，土壤湿度、地表蒸发和径流量都比较大（月均最大差值：土壤湿度约为5kg·m^-2，地表蒸发和径流量约为年降水量的7％和1．2％），相应地在热通量分配上存在明显差异（月均最大差值为8W·m^-2）；土壤质地相同，亮度由亮变暗时，潜热通量变化很小，地表温度略有升高，而感热通量和净辐射增加显著（月均摄大差值为7W·m^-2）。土壤质地和亮度对模拟的影响主要存在于降水少、植被覆盖度低的3～5月。
基金supported in part by a Challenge Grant from Research to Prevent Blindness,NY.
文摘The most prominent causes of loss of vision in individuals over 50 years include age-related macular degeneration(AMD),glaucoma,and diabetic retinopathy(DR).While it is important to screen for these diseases effectively,current eye care is not properly doing so for much of the population,resulting in unfortunate visual disability and high costs for patients.Innovative functional testing can be unified with other screening methods for a more robust and safer screening and prediction of disease.The goal in the creation of functional testing modalities is to develop highly sensitive screening tests that are easy to use,accessible to all users,and inexpensive.The tests herein are deployed on an iPad with easily understood and intuitive instructions for rapid,streamlined,and automatic administration.These testing modalities could become highly sensitive screenings for early detection of potentially blinding diseases.The applications from our collaborators at AMA Optics include a cone photostress recovery test for detection of AMD and diabetic macular edema(DME),brightness balance perception for optic nerve dysfunction and especially glaucoma,color vision testing which is a broad screening tool,and visual acuity test.Machine learning with the combined structural and functional data will optimize identification of disease and prediction of outcomes.Here,we review and assess various tests of visual function that are easily administered on a tablet for screening in primary care.These user-friendly and simple screening tests allow patients to be identified in the early stages of disease for referral to specialists,proper assessment and treatment.
