背景:股骨头坏死是骨伤科常见的疑难病症,致残率高,目前对于其发病机制仍然没有一个明确的定论,也未找到彻底治愈该疾病的理想方法。因此,需要借助动物模型来进一步研究该疾病的病因、发病机制、治疗方法等。目的:综述近年来常用的一些...背景:股骨头坏死是骨伤科常见的疑难病症,致残率高,目前对于其发病机制仍然没有一个明确的定论,也未找到彻底治愈该疾病的理想方法。因此,需要借助动物模型来进一步研究该疾病的病因、发病机制、治疗方法等。目的:综述近年来常用的一些股骨头坏死动物模型,总结分析出每一类动物模型对应的临床症状和模型的优缺点,从而为后续研究提供基础。方法:以"股骨头坏死,动物模型,femoral head necrosis,animal model"等为检索关键词,在万方、维普、中国知网、PubMed、Embase、Medline等数据库中检索2000年1月至2019年12月的文献,根据标准最终纳入42篇参考文献。结果与结论:①股骨头坏死动物模型已经用于相关研究多年,这确实提高了对此类骨科疾病的理解和研究;②但是目前股骨头坏死的相关研究仍然需要进一步深入探索,通过建立更理想、更完善的动物模型可在该研究领域实现新的突破。展开更多
Background: Bone fracture frequencies and survival rates are essential parameters in skeleton evolution, but information on the functional consequences of naturally healed fractures is scarce. No leg bone fracture hea...Background: Bone fracture frequencies and survival rates are essential parameters in skeleton evolution, but information on the functional consequences of naturally healed fractures is scarce. No leg bone fracture healing in the wild has been reported so far from long-legged Charadriiformes(waders), which depend on bipedal locomotion for feeding.Methods: We documented a healed but malaligned tarsometatarsus fracture in a wild Willet(Tringa [Catoptrophorus]semipalmata), and a malaligned tibiotarsus fracture in a Curlew(Numenius arquata) skeleton from a museum collection. Functional consequences of the malalignments were evaluated by kinematic analyses of videos(Willet) and in silico 3D modeling(Curlew).Results: The Willet's left tarsometatarsus exhibited an angular malalignment of 70°, resulting in a limping gait that was less pronounced at high than at low walking speed. The bird seemed unable to club the toes of the left foot together, apparently a secondary effect of the deformity. The Curlew's tibiotarsus showed an angular and an axial malalignment, causing the foot to rotate outwards when the intertarsal joint was flexed. Despite the severe effects of their injuries, the birds had survived at least long enough for the fractures to heal completely.Conclusions: Somewhat unexpectedly, leg fractures are not necessarily fatal in long-legged waders, even if deformities occur in the healing process. Bipedal locomotion on vegetated grounds must have been impeded due to the bone malalignments in both analyzed cases. The birds probably alleviated the impact of their handicaps by shifting a larger proportion of their activities to vegetation-free habitats.展开更多
Microcomputed tomography (μCT) has evolved as a development of simple X-ray imaging into an indispensable technique used in both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics. Commercially available systems are capabl...Microcomputed tomography (μCT) has evolved as a development of simple X-ray imaging into an indispensable technique used in both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics. Commercially available systems are capable of creating images at sub-micrometer resolutions to map out the complex web of trabecular bone in small animals, and offer an accurate measurement of bone mineral density for patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. This review describes the development of μCT, its ability to analyze bone, and how it can be used alongside other clinical and laboratory techniques. μCT offers a non-destructive alternative for imaging mineralized tissues with no required preparation and can also be utilized with living specimen to track skeletal development.展开更多
文摘背景:股骨头坏死是骨伤科常见的疑难病症,致残率高,目前对于其发病机制仍然没有一个明确的定论,也未找到彻底治愈该疾病的理想方法。因此,需要借助动物模型来进一步研究该疾病的病因、发病机制、治疗方法等。目的:综述近年来常用的一些股骨头坏死动物模型,总结分析出每一类动物模型对应的临床症状和模型的优缺点,从而为后续研究提供基础。方法:以"股骨头坏死,动物模型,femoral head necrosis,animal model"等为检索关键词,在万方、维普、中国知网、PubMed、Embase、Medline等数据库中检索2000年1月至2019年12月的文献,根据标准最终纳入42篇参考文献。结果与结论:①股骨头坏死动物模型已经用于相关研究多年,这确实提高了对此类骨科疾病的理解和研究;②但是目前股骨头坏死的相关研究仍然需要进一步深入探索,通过建立更理想、更完善的动物模型可在该研究领域实现新的突破。
文摘Background: Bone fracture frequencies and survival rates are essential parameters in skeleton evolution, but information on the functional consequences of naturally healed fractures is scarce. No leg bone fracture healing in the wild has been reported so far from long-legged Charadriiformes(waders), which depend on bipedal locomotion for feeding.Methods: We documented a healed but malaligned tarsometatarsus fracture in a wild Willet(Tringa [Catoptrophorus]semipalmata), and a malaligned tibiotarsus fracture in a Curlew(Numenius arquata) skeleton from a museum collection. Functional consequences of the malalignments were evaluated by kinematic analyses of videos(Willet) and in silico 3D modeling(Curlew).Results: The Willet's left tarsometatarsus exhibited an angular malalignment of 70°, resulting in a limping gait that was less pronounced at high than at low walking speed. The bird seemed unable to club the toes of the left foot together, apparently a secondary effect of the deformity. The Curlew's tibiotarsus showed an angular and an axial malalignment, causing the foot to rotate outwards when the intertarsal joint was flexed. Despite the severe effects of their injuries, the birds had survived at least long enough for the fractures to heal completely.Conclusions: Somewhat unexpectedly, leg fractures are not necessarily fatal in long-legged waders, even if deformities occur in the healing process. Bipedal locomotion on vegetated grounds must have been impeded due to the bone malalignments in both analyzed cases. The birds probably alleviated the impact of their handicaps by shifting a larger proportion of their activities to vegetation-free habitats.
文摘Microcomputed tomography (μCT) has evolved as a development of simple X-ray imaging into an indispensable technique used in both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics. Commercially available systems are capable of creating images at sub-micrometer resolutions to map out the complex web of trabecular bone in small animals, and offer an accurate measurement of bone mineral density for patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. This review describes the development of μCT, its ability to analyze bone, and how it can be used alongside other clinical and laboratory techniques. μCT offers a non-destructive alternative for imaging mineralized tissues with no required preparation and can also be utilized with living specimen to track skeletal development.
