The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oa...The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.展开更多
Baseflow, which represents the drainage of groundwater aquifers, is an essential component of runoff in hydrological basins. In the source region of the Yangtze River, the change of baseflow typically reflects the in-...Baseflow, which represents the drainage of groundwater aquifers, is an essential component of runoff in hydrological basins. In the source region of the Yangtze River, the change of baseflow typically reflects the in- teractions between groundwater system and climatic factors in cold and arid areas. With modified Kalinen separa- tion method, annual baseflow between 1957 and 2009 in this region was estimated and calculated. In comparison with the inner-annual variations of total streamflow, baseflow showed a weaker fluctuation. Before the 1980s, it was in a steady state; and after then, it demonstrated dramatic variations and large amplitudes. Based on the calculation results of baseflow, the real Morlet wavelet method was applied to reveal the periodical characteristics of baseflow as well as the precipitation and air temperature in the study area. It was found that annual baseflow has a 43-year trend as well as a 21-year period and a 7-year period. The 21-year period is most significant, with its wavelet coef- ficient having the largest fluctuation and amplitude. Summation of wavelet coefficients on these periods exhibits a similar change pattern with respect to that of annual baseflow. The summation curve takes a ＂W＂ shape, which means that the baseflow follows a four-stage sequence of descending-ascending-descending-ascending. As analyzed, the relationship among baseflow, precipitation and temperature is implied in the correlation between their normalized wavelet coefficients at different temporal scales. By the significant positive linear correlations both be- tween precipitation and baseflow （correlation coefficient is 0.98） and between temperature and baseflow （correla- tion coefficient is 0.90） for the 43-year wavelet coefficients, it is suggested that the long-term increasing trends of precipitation and air temperature will lead to an increasing trend of baseflow. For wavelet coefficients of 21-year and 7-year periods, the positive linear correlation between precipitation and baseflow is signi展开更多
基流是径流中相对稳定的组成部分,是枯水期径流的主要来源。为探究伊洛河流域径流和基流的时空变化特征,本文通过比较SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型及Chapman法在伊洛河流域基流分割的适用性,选择最优基流分割方法,确定流...基流是径流中相对稳定的组成部分,是枯水期径流的主要来源。为探究伊洛河流域径流和基流的时空变化特征,本文通过比较SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型及Chapman法在伊洛河流域基流分割的适用性,选择最优基流分割方法,确定流域的基流过程,并采用Mann-Kendall检验法、年内分配指标和反距离加权插值法,分析径流、基流和基流指数(Baseflow index,BFI)的年际、年内变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)通过黑石关站实测径流数据验证,SWAT模型在伊洛河流域的适用性较好,模拟基流比Chapman法更精确;(2)1964—2017年伊洛河流域径流、基流和BFI均呈显著下降趋势,但三者突变情况有所差异;径流和基流年内呈现“单峰型”分布,且具有明显的季节性和不均匀性的特点,基流迟滞效应显著;(3)径流、基流和BFI值在流域西部和中部相对较高,东部相对较低,整个地区90%以上的子流域年均BFI小于0.5。本文结果可为伊洛河流域水资源合理开发利用及生态环境保护提供参考。展开更多
As a common pollutant of nitrogen in groundwater, nitrate contamination has become a major concern worldwide. Baseflow, one of the dominant hydrological pathways for nitrate migration to streamflow, has been confirmed...As a common pollutant of nitrogen in groundwater, nitrate contamination has become a major concern worldwide. Baseflow, one of the dominant hydrological pathways for nitrate migration to streamflow, has been confirmed as a leading nitrate source for stream water where groundwater or subsurface flow contaminated heavily by nitrate. That is, sufficient improvements of water quality may not be attained without proper management for baseflow, even if non-point sources(NPS) pollutants discharged through surface runoff are being well managed. This article reviews the primary nitrate sources, the main factors affecting its transport, and the methodologies for baseflow nitrate estimation, to give some recommendations for future works, including:(1) giving sufficient consideration for the effects of climatological, morphological, and geological factors on baseflow recessions to obtain more reliable and accurate baseflow separation;(2) trying to solve calibration and validation problems for baseflow loads determining in storm flow period;(3) developing a simple and convenient algorithm with certain physics that can be used to separate baseflow NPS pollution from the total directly in different regions, for a reliable estimation of baseflow NPS pollution at larger scale(e.g., national scale);(4) improving groundwater quality simulation module of existing NPS pollution models to have a better simulation for biogeochemical processes in shallow aquifers;(5) taking integrated measures of "source control", "process interception" and "end remediation" to prevent and control NPS nitrate pollution effectively, not just only the strict control of nutrients loss from surface runoff.展开更多
Increased use of streamflow, most importantly minimum flow/baseflow data should be incorporated into drought indices, especially in regions where streams have a high baseflow component. Standard departure for streamfl...Increased use of streamflow, most importantly minimum flow/baseflow data should be incorporated into drought indices, especially in regions where streams have a high baseflow component. Standard departure for streamflow (SDSF) and standard departure for baseflow (SDBF) were compared to the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) drought index values for 17 baseflow-dominated watersheds in the northern, central, and southern regions of Wisconsin. For each watershed, comparisons of SDSF, SDBF, and SPEI time series (for 1, 3, and 12-month time scales) were evaluated using correlation, run lengths of negative and positive values, sign congruence, and Mann-Kendall trend test. In general, SDBF performed better than SDSF for longer time scales. Trends of wetness appear to be distinguished earlier in SDBF compared to SDSF and SPEI-1, SPEI-3, and SPEI-12. The results of this study are consistent with regional statewide climate studies on precipitation and changes in precipitation intensity. This study highlights how standardized baseflow data are robust and compare to SPEI 12-month time scales.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41630859)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA19030204)
文摘The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.
基金funded by the China Geological Survey(1212010818093)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41072191)Foundation of Graduate Student Science and Technology Innovation from China University of Geosciences in Beijing
文摘Baseflow, which represents the drainage of groundwater aquifers, is an essential component of runoff in hydrological basins. In the source region of the Yangtze River, the change of baseflow typically reflects the in- teractions between groundwater system and climatic factors in cold and arid areas. With modified Kalinen separa- tion method, annual baseflow between 1957 and 2009 in this region was estimated and calculated. In comparison with the inner-annual variations of total streamflow, baseflow showed a weaker fluctuation. Before the 1980s, it was in a steady state; and after then, it demonstrated dramatic variations and large amplitudes. Based on the calculation results of baseflow, the real Morlet wavelet method was applied to reveal the periodical characteristics of baseflow as well as the precipitation and air temperature in the study area. It was found that annual baseflow has a 43-year trend as well as a 21-year period and a 7-year period. The 21-year period is most significant, with its wavelet coef- ficient having the largest fluctuation and amplitude. Summation of wavelet coefficients on these periods exhibits a similar change pattern with respect to that of annual baseflow. The summation curve takes a ＂W＂ shape, which means that the baseflow follows a four-stage sequence of descending-ascending-descending-ascending. As analyzed, the relationship among baseflow, precipitation and temperature is implied in the correlation between their normalized wavelet coefficients at different temporal scales. By the significant positive linear correlations both be- tween precipitation and baseflow （correlation coefficient is 0.98） and between temperature and baseflow （correla- tion coefficient is 0.90） for the 43-year wavelet coefficients, it is suggested that the long-term increasing trends of precipitation and air temperature will lead to an increasing trend of baseflow. For wavelet coefficients of 21-year and 7-year periods, the positive linear correlation between precipitation and baseflow is signi
文摘基流是径流中相对稳定的组成部分,是枯水期径流的主要来源。为探究伊洛河流域径流和基流的时空变化特征,本文通过比较SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型及Chapman法在伊洛河流域基流分割的适用性,选择最优基流分割方法,确定流域的基流过程,并采用Mann-Kendall检验法、年内分配指标和反距离加权插值法,分析径流、基流和基流指数(Baseflow index,BFI)的年际、年内变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)通过黑石关站实测径流数据验证,SWAT模型在伊洛河流域的适用性较好,模拟基流比Chapman法更精确;(2)1964—2017年伊洛河流域径流、基流和BFI均呈显著下降趋势,但三者突变情况有所差异;径流和基流年内呈现“单峰型”分布,且具有明显的季节性和不均匀性的特点,基流迟滞效应显著;(3)径流、基流和BFI值在流域西部和中部相对较高,东部相对较低,整个地区90%以上的子流域年均BFI小于0.5。本文结果可为伊洛河流域水资源合理开发利用及生态环境保护提供参考。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41571216)the Chinese National Key Technology R&D Program(Grant No.2012BAC17B01)
文摘As a common pollutant of nitrogen in groundwater, nitrate contamination has become a major concern worldwide. Baseflow, one of the dominant hydrological pathways for nitrate migration to streamflow, has been confirmed as a leading nitrate source for stream water where groundwater or subsurface flow contaminated heavily by nitrate. That is, sufficient improvements of water quality may not be attained without proper management for baseflow, even if non-point sources(NPS) pollutants discharged through surface runoff are being well managed. This article reviews the primary nitrate sources, the main factors affecting its transport, and the methodologies for baseflow nitrate estimation, to give some recommendations for future works, including:(1) giving sufficient consideration for the effects of climatological, morphological, and geological factors on baseflow recessions to obtain more reliable and accurate baseflow separation;(2) trying to solve calibration and validation problems for baseflow loads determining in storm flow period;(3) developing a simple and convenient algorithm with certain physics that can be used to separate baseflow NPS pollution from the total directly in different regions, for a reliable estimation of baseflow NPS pollution at larger scale(e.g., national scale);(4) improving groundwater quality simulation module of existing NPS pollution models to have a better simulation for biogeochemical processes in shallow aquifers;(5) taking integrated measures of "source control", "process interception" and "end remediation" to prevent and control NPS nitrate pollution effectively, not just only the strict control of nutrients loss from surface runoff.
文摘Increased use of streamflow, most importantly minimum flow/baseflow data should be incorporated into drought indices, especially in regions where streams have a high baseflow component. Standard departure for streamflow (SDSF) and standard departure for baseflow (SDBF) were compared to the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) drought index values for 17 baseflow-dominated watersheds in the northern, central, and southern regions of Wisconsin. For each watershed, comparisons of SDSF, SDBF, and SPEI time series (for 1, 3, and 12-month time scales) were evaluated using correlation, run lengths of negative and positive values, sign congruence, and Mann-Kendall trend test. In general, SDBF performed better than SDSF for longer time scales. Trends of wetness appear to be distinguished earlier in SDBF compared to SDSF and SPEI-1, SPEI-3, and SPEI-12. The results of this study are consistent with regional statewide climate studies on precipitation and changes in precipitation intensity. This study highlights how standardized baseflow data are robust and compare to SPEI 12-month time scales.
