Rare earth elements（REE） are a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, which have been found in a variety classes of minerals in the world. The global demand for REE and their compounds has increas...Rare earth elements（REE） are a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, which have been found in a variety classes of minerals in the world. The global demand for REE and their compounds has increased in high-tech applications over the past decades due to their chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. After mining, comminution and ore beneficiation, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes are carried out to recover REE compounds. The concentrate cracking is a process wherein the structure of a REE mineral is modified in order to dissolve REE in a weak acid solution. This would be accomplished through various techniques such as alkaline cracking and acid baking. The cracked concentrate is then leached to dissolve REE in a solution and subsequently recover those via neutralization, precipitation or solvent extraction methods. This paper reviewed the cracking and leaching methods applied to REE concentrates to produce an intermediate product for further REE separation.展开更多
Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion-year-old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff (2012) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon (2011) showed that grav...Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion-year-old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff (2012) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon (2011) showed that gravitational acceleration is not associated with the gravitating mass, that gravitational acceleration g is determined solely by τ the change in time dilation over a specific height multiplied by c2 or g = τc2. Seeking consistency with Special Theory of Relativity, as means to initiate this rethink, this paper examines 12 inconsistencies in physical theories that manifest from empirical data. The purpose of this examination is to identify how gravitational theories need to change or be explored, to eliminate these 12 inconsistencies. It is then proposed that spacetime is much more sophisticated than just a 4-dimensional continuum. And, that the Universe consists of at least two layers or “kenos” (Greek for vacuous), the 4-dimensional kenos, spacetime (x, y, z, t) and the 3-dimensional kenos, subspace (x, y, z) that are joined at the space coordinates (x, y, z). This explains why electromagnetic waves are transverse, and how probabilities are implemented in Nature. This paper concludes by proposing two new instruments and one test, to facilitate research into gravitational fields, the new torsion-, tension- and stress-free near field gravity probe, the gravity wave telescope, and a non-locality test.展开更多
基金supported by the Research Initiation Grant of Queen’s University,Canada(#378140)Ontario Centers of Excellence VIP fund(#25394)
文摘Rare earth elements（REE） are a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, which have been found in a variety classes of minerals in the world. The global demand for REE and their compounds has increased in high-tech applications over the past decades due to their chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. After mining, comminution and ore beneficiation, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes are carried out to recover REE compounds. The concentrate cracking is a process wherein the structure of a REE mineral is modified in order to dissolve REE in a weak acid solution. This would be accomplished through various techniques such as alkaline cracking and acid baking. The cracked concentrate is then leached to dissolve REE in a solution and subsequently recover those via neutralization, precipitation or solvent extraction methods. This paper reviewed the cracking and leaching methods applied to REE concentrates to produce an intermediate product for further REE separation.
文摘Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion-year-old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff (2012) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon (2011) showed that gravitational acceleration is not associated with the gravitating mass, that gravitational acceleration g is determined solely by τ the change in time dilation over a specific height multiplied by c2 or g = τc2. Seeking consistency with Special Theory of Relativity, as means to initiate this rethink, this paper examines 12 inconsistencies in physical theories that manifest from empirical data. The purpose of this examination is to identify how gravitational theories need to change or be explored, to eliminate these 12 inconsistencies. It is then proposed that spacetime is much more sophisticated than just a 4-dimensional continuum. And, that the Universe consists of at least two layers or “kenos” (Greek for vacuous), the 4-dimensional kenos, spacetime (x, y, z, t) and the 3-dimensional kenos, subspace (x, y, z) that are joined at the space coordinates (x, y, z). This explains why electromagnetic waves are transverse, and how probabilities are implemented in Nature. This paper concludes by proposing two new instruments and one test, to facilitate research into gravitational fields, the new torsion-, tension- and stress-free near field gravity probe, the gravity wave telescope, and a non-locality test.
