A nation wide survey of blood pressure (BP) and high BP was carried out in China in 1991, using standardized methods and covering 950356 men and women ages 15 years and above, from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, an...A nation wide survey of blood pressure (BP) and high BP was carried out in China in 1991, using standardized methods and covering 950356 men and women ages 15 years and above, from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. The purpose of this part of the study was to estimate the prevalence and the status of awareness,treatment, and control of hypertension. The overall prevalence rate of hypertension defined as systolic BP≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP≥90 mmHg or currently on antihypertensive medication was \{13.6\}%, and was higher in urban (16.3%) than in rural (\{11.1\}%) setting. The rate was 6.6% if a BP cut point of 160/95 was used. Rates were low in younger age groups but rose sharply after age 45.The total number of hypertensives in 1990 was estimated to be close to 90 millions.Of all hypertensives.about 1/4 were aware of their high BP,half of these were on medication, and only 3% had their BP controlled. In conclusion, hypertension was found to be common in China, and the rates of awareness,drug treatment, and controlled BP were low,indicating an urgent need for developing a national program of treatment and prevention of high BP on a community basis.展开更多
Integrated energy distribution system(IEDS)is one of the integrated energy and power system forms,which involves electricity/gas/cold/heat and other various energy forms.The energy coupling relationship is close and c...Integrated energy distribution system(IEDS)is one of the integrated energy and power system forms,which involves electricity/gas/cold/heat and other various energy forms.The energy coupling relationship is close and complex.IEDS is the focus of regional energy internet research and development at home and abroad.Compared with the traditional power distribution system,IEDS through the multi-energy coupling link comprehensive utilization,effectively improve the distribution system economy,safety,reliability,flexibility and toughness,but also to ease the regional energy system environmental pressure.IEDS is an important direction for the future development of energy systems,and its related research and practice on China’s energy system development also has important practical and strategic significance.This paper summarizes the related researches of the IEDS and explores the energy operation characteristics and coupling mechanisms.What’s more,the integrated model of IEDS is summarized.On these bases,this paper discusses and prospects some key issues such as joint planning,optimization control and security analysis,state estimation and situational awareness and generalized demand side management.展开更多
文摘A nation wide survey of blood pressure (BP) and high BP was carried out in China in 1991, using standardized methods and covering 950356 men and women ages 15 years and above, from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. The purpose of this part of the study was to estimate the prevalence and the status of awareness,treatment, and control of hypertension. The overall prevalence rate of hypertension defined as systolic BP≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP≥90 mmHg or currently on antihypertensive medication was \{13.6\}%, and was higher in urban (16.3%) than in rural (\{11.1\}%) setting. The rate was 6.6% if a BP cut point of 160/95 was used. Rates were low in younger age groups but rose sharply after age 45.The total number of hypertensives in 1990 was estimated to be close to 90 millions.Of all hypertensives.about 1/4 were aware of their high BP,half of these were on medication, and only 3% had their BP controlled. In conclusion, hypertension was found to be common in China, and the rates of awareness,drug treatment, and controlled BP were low,indicating an urgent need for developing a national program of treatment and prevention of high BP on a community basis.
基金This work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 Program)of China(2015AA050403)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(17JCQNJC06600)+2 种基金Independent Innovation Foundation of Tianjin University(Research on Key Technology of Distributed Demand Response)Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technical Think Tank Joint Project of Qingdao(201707071003)the Distributed Energy and Microgrid Project conducted in collaboration with APPLIED ENERGY UNiLAB-DEM.
文摘Integrated energy distribution system(IEDS)is one of the integrated energy and power system forms,which involves electricity/gas/cold/heat and other various energy forms.The energy coupling relationship is close and complex.IEDS is the focus of regional energy internet research and development at home and abroad.Compared with the traditional power distribution system,IEDS through the multi-energy coupling link comprehensive utilization,effectively improve the distribution system economy,safety,reliability,flexibility and toughness,but also to ease the regional energy system environmental pressure.IEDS is an important direction for the future development of energy systems,and its related research and practice on China’s energy system development also has important practical and strategic significance.This paper summarizes the related researches of the IEDS and explores the energy operation characteristics and coupling mechanisms.What’s more,the integrated model of IEDS is summarized.On these bases,this paper discusses and prospects some key issues such as joint planning,optimization control and security analysis,state estimation and situational awareness and generalized demand side management.
