提出了一种基于分时的LEO卫星网络非对称路由算法A-DTRA(asymmetric discrete time based routing algorithm)。针对网络节点在各时间片内的链路连接状态,该算法通过中心节点两次广播来获取一跳邻节点信息及其邻节点的邻居节点信息,从...提出了一种基于分时的LEO卫星网络非对称路由算法A-DTRA(asymmetric discrete time based routing algorithm)。针对网络节点在各时间片内的链路连接状态,该算法通过中心节点两次广播来获取一跳邻节点信息及其邻节点的邻居节点信息,从而完成了链路检测,得到每个时间片内的有向虚拟拓扑图。通过使用备份路由和路由表压缩机制实现了非对称链路上分组转发的可靠性,失效节点处理的及时性以及星上节点开销的低耗性。通过仿真分析可知,该算法具有较好的数据包转发率和端到端时延性能。此外,利用非对称链路可提高网络的连通性能,该算法适用于存在非对称链路的LEO卫星网络。展开更多
优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议是一种先验式路由协议,网络中的所有节点通过周期性地发送控制消息来计算全网路由信息。在短波自组织网络中,节点周期性地发送控制消息会占据大量的信道资源,大幅增加网络的控...优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议是一种先验式路由协议,网络中的所有节点通过周期性地发送控制消息来计算全网路由信息。在短波自组织网络中,节点周期性地发送控制消息会占据大量的信道资源,大幅增加网络的控制开销,浪费短波有限的带宽资源,导致网络通信性能急剧下降。其次,受到地形地貌、天线方向和接收性能的个体差异等影响,造成无线链路不稳定,导致网络中存在非对称链路,增加了通信端到端时延。为此,提出了一种低时延的短波自组网OLSR协议。该协议在执行MPR(Multipoint Relay)选择算法时综合考虑了节点的连接度和链路可靠性,在优化MPR节点个数的同时选择链路可靠性较大的节点作为MPR节点,在进行路由选择时能够利用网络中的非对称链路。仿真结果表明,该协议能优化数据包投递成功率、吞吐量、端到端时延和网络控制开销等性能指标。展开更多
Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks(WMAN)of Mobile ad-hoc Networks(MANETs)is due mesh routers’transmission range.It is depicted as significant research challenges that pose during the design of network pro...Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks(WMAN)of Mobile ad-hoc Networks(MANETs)is due mesh routers’transmission range.It is depicted as significant research challenges that pose during the design of network protocol in wireless networks.Based on the extensive review,it is noted that the substantial link percentage is symmetric,i.e.,many links are unidirectional.It is identified that the synchronous acknowledgement reliability is higher than the asynchronous message.Therefore,the process of establishing bidirectional link quality through asynchronous beacons underrates the link reliability of asym-metric links.It paves the way to exploit an investigation on asymmetric links to enhance network functions through link estimation.Here,a novel Learning-based Dynamic Tree routing(LDTR)model is proposed to improve network performance and delay.For the evaluation of delay measures,asymmetric link,interference,probability of transmission failure is evaluated.The proportion of energy consumed is used for monitoring energy conditions based on the total energy capacity.This learning model is a productive way for resolving the routing issues over the network model during uncertainty.The asymmetric path is chosen to achieve exploitation and exploration iteratively.The learning-based Dynamic Tree routing model is utilized to resolve the multi-objective routing problem.Here,the simulation is done with MATLAB 2020a simulation environment and path with energy-efficiency and lesser E2E delay is evaluated and compared with existing approaches like the Dyna-Q-network model(DQN),asymmetric MAC model(AMAC),and cooperative asymmetric MAC model(CAMAC)model.The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated LDTR model attains superior network performance compared to others.The average energy consump-tion is 250 J,packet energy consumption is 6.5 J,PRR is 50 bits/sec,95%PDR,average delay percentage is 20%.展开更多
This study proposes an efficient secure routing protocol which considers symmetric and asymmetric links for wireless mesh networks(WMNs). A wireless mesh network is a group of wireless mesh routers and several kinds o...This study proposes an efficient secure routing protocol which considers symmetric and asymmetric links for wireless mesh networks(WMNs). A wireless mesh network is a group of wireless mesh routers and several kinds of wireless devices(or nodes). Individual node cooperates by forwarding packets to each other,allowing nodes to communicate beyond the symmetric or asymmetric links. Asymmetric link is a special feature of WMNs because the wireless transmission ranges of different wireless devices may be different. The asymmetric link enhances WMN coverage. Providing security in WMNs has become an important issue over the last few years. Existing research on this topic tends to focus on providing security for routing and data content in the symmetric link. However, most studies overlook the asymmetric link in these networks. This study proposes a novel distributed routing protocol beyond symmetric and asymmetric links, to guarantee the security and high reliability of the established route in a hostile environment, such as WMNs, by avoiding the use of unreliable intermediate nodes. The routes generated by the proposed protocol are shorter than those in prior works. The major objective of the proposed protocol is to allow trustworthy intermediate nodes to participate in the path construction protocol. The mesh clients out of mesh router wireless transmission range may discover a secure route to securely connect to the mesh router for Internet access via the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol enhances wireless mesh network coverage and assures security.展开更多
Accurate link quality estimation is a fundamental building block in quality aware multi hop routing. In an inherently lossy, unreliable and dynamic medium such as wireless, the task of accurate estimation becomes very...Accurate link quality estimation is a fundamental building block in quality aware multi hop routing. In an inherently lossy, unreliable and dynamic medium such as wireless, the task of accurate estimation becomes very challenging. Over the years ETX has been widely used as a reliable link quality estimation metric. However, more recently it has been established that under heavy traffic loads ETX performance gets significantly worse. We examine the ETX metric＇s behavior in detail with respect to the MAC layer and UDP data; and identify the causes of its unreliability. Motivated by the observations made in our analysis, we present the design and implementation of our link quality measurement metric xDDR - a variation of ETX. This article extends xDDR to support network mobility. Our experiments show that xDDR substantially outperforms minimum hop count, ETX and HETX in terms of end-to-end packet delivery ratio in static as well as mobile scenarios.展开更多
文摘提出了一种基于分时的LEO卫星网络非对称路由算法A-DTRA(asymmetric discrete time based routing algorithm)。针对网络节点在各时间片内的链路连接状态,该算法通过中心节点两次广播来获取一跳邻节点信息及其邻节点的邻居节点信息,从而完成了链路检测,得到每个时间片内的有向虚拟拓扑图。通过使用备份路由和路由表压缩机制实现了非对称链路上分组转发的可靠性,失效节点处理的及时性以及星上节点开销的低耗性。通过仿真分析可知,该算法具有较好的数据包转发率和端到端时延性能。此外,利用非对称链路可提高网络的连通性能,该算法适用于存在非对称链路的LEO卫星网络。
文摘优化链路状态路由(Optimized Link State Routing,OLSR)协议是一种先验式路由协议,网络中的所有节点通过周期性地发送控制消息来计算全网路由信息。在短波自组织网络中,节点周期性地发送控制消息会占据大量的信道资源,大幅增加网络的控制开销,浪费短波有限的带宽资源,导致网络通信性能急剧下降。其次,受到地形地貌、天线方向和接收性能的个体差异等影响,造成无线链路不稳定,导致网络中存在非对称链路,增加了通信端到端时延。为此,提出了一种低时延的短波自组网OLSR协议。该协议在执行MPR(Multipoint Relay)选择算法时综合考虑了节点的连接度和链路可靠性,在优化MPR节点个数的同时选择链路可靠性较大的节点作为MPR节点,在进行路由选择时能够利用网络中的非对称链路。仿真结果表明,该协议能优化数据包投递成功率、吞吐量、端到端时延和网络控制开销等性能指标。
文摘Link asymmetry in wireless mesh access networks(WMAN)of Mobile ad-hoc Networks(MANETs)is due mesh routers’transmission range.It is depicted as significant research challenges that pose during the design of network protocol in wireless networks.Based on the extensive review,it is noted that the substantial link percentage is symmetric,i.e.,many links are unidirectional.It is identified that the synchronous acknowledgement reliability is higher than the asynchronous message.Therefore,the process of establishing bidirectional link quality through asynchronous beacons underrates the link reliability of asym-metric links.It paves the way to exploit an investigation on asymmetric links to enhance network functions through link estimation.Here,a novel Learning-based Dynamic Tree routing(LDTR)model is proposed to improve network performance and delay.For the evaluation of delay measures,asymmetric link,interference,probability of transmission failure is evaluated.The proportion of energy consumed is used for monitoring energy conditions based on the total energy capacity.This learning model is a productive way for resolving the routing issues over the network model during uncertainty.The asymmetric path is chosen to achieve exploitation and exploration iteratively.The learning-based Dynamic Tree routing model is utilized to resolve the multi-objective routing problem.Here,the simulation is done with MATLAB 2020a simulation environment and path with energy-efficiency and lesser E2E delay is evaluated and compared with existing approaches like the Dyna-Q-network model(DQN),asymmetric MAC model(AMAC),and cooperative asymmetric MAC model(CAMAC)model.The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the anticipated LDTR model attains superior network performance compared to others.The average energy consump-tion is 250 J,packet energy consumption is 6.5 J,PRR is 50 bits/sec,95%PDR,average delay percentage is 20%.
文摘This study proposes an efficient secure routing protocol which considers symmetric and asymmetric links for wireless mesh networks(WMNs). A wireless mesh network is a group of wireless mesh routers and several kinds of wireless devices(or nodes). Individual node cooperates by forwarding packets to each other,allowing nodes to communicate beyond the symmetric or asymmetric links. Asymmetric link is a special feature of WMNs because the wireless transmission ranges of different wireless devices may be different. The asymmetric link enhances WMN coverage. Providing security in WMNs has become an important issue over the last few years. Existing research on this topic tends to focus on providing security for routing and data content in the symmetric link. However, most studies overlook the asymmetric link in these networks. This study proposes a novel distributed routing protocol beyond symmetric and asymmetric links, to guarantee the security and high reliability of the established route in a hostile environment, such as WMNs, by avoiding the use of unreliable intermediate nodes. The routes generated by the proposed protocol are shorter than those in prior works. The major objective of the proposed protocol is to allow trustworthy intermediate nodes to participate in the path construction protocol. The mesh clients out of mesh router wireless transmission range may discover a secure route to securely connect to the mesh router for Internet access via the proposed protocol. The proposed protocol enhances wireless mesh network coverage and assures security.
文摘Accurate link quality estimation is a fundamental building block in quality aware multi hop routing. In an inherently lossy, unreliable and dynamic medium such as wireless, the task of accurate estimation becomes very challenging. Over the years ETX has been widely used as a reliable link quality estimation metric. However, more recently it has been established that under heavy traffic loads ETX performance gets significantly worse. We examine the ETX metric＇s behavior in detail with respect to the MAC layer and UDP data; and identify the causes of its unreliability. Motivated by the observations made in our analysis, we present the design and implementation of our link quality measurement metric xDDR - a variation of ETX. This article extends xDDR to support network mobility. Our experiments show that xDDR substantially outperforms minimum hop count, ETX and HETX in terms of end-to-end packet delivery ratio in static as well as mobile scenarios.
