A study was carried out in district Samba of Western Himalayan province of Jammu and Kashmir of India.The data were collected in an interview schedule in personal interview with 180 household heads.The association bet...A study was carried out in district Samba of Western Himalayan province of Jammu and Kashmir of India.The data were collected in an interview schedule in personal interview with 180 household heads.The association between the level of fuelwood consumption(low versus high consumption) and different factors,each individually,was investigated using chi-square test of association at 0.001 level of significance.It was found that out of 25 socio-economic,biophysical and alternate fuel factors,15 factors(each individually) significantly influenced the domestic fuelwood consumption.Logistic regression models of alternate fuel use,social,economic and biophysical factors were developed to identify key variables influencing fuelwood consumption levels within each respective category.A composite model was also developed to identify key factors when all variables in all the pre-said categories were considered simultaneously.Surprisingly,in contrast to expectation the model with alternate fuel use did not provide a good fit.The biophysical model also did not provide a good fit.The economic and composite models were the same with equal level of accuracy of predication.This implies that economic aspects,rather than the availability of alternate fuels,dominate fuelwood consumption levels of rural households.Strategies to increase the exposure of the head of household to outside world needs to formulated to reduce the domestic fuelwood consumption levels.Households nearer to state forests are to be educated about efficient use of fuelwood and be encouraged to intensify use of Liquified Petroleum Gas.The wider implications of study are:the availability of alternate fuels is not a necessary condition to decrease household level domestic fuelwood consumption.Economic factors needs to be considered in designing strategies to reduce fuelwood consumption.Increased employment opportunities would increase the opportunity cost of fuelwood collection and this would reduce its use.展开更多
A series of experiments were performed on indigenously synthesized catalyst pallets of cobalt as a very active metal on ceramic support like SiC, A1203 ＆ TiO2 in a fixed bed reactor configuration with an aim to study...A series of experiments were performed on indigenously synthesized catalyst pallets of cobalt as a very active metal on ceramic support like SiC, A1203 ＆ TiO2 in a fixed bed reactor configuration with an aim to study the catalyst activity ＆ selectivity, chemical kinetics, design flexibility, temperature, pressure by characteristics diffusion distance. Catalyst pallets were prepared and then characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Temperature Programmed Reduction. The results showed the Brunaner, Emmett and Teller area of SiC was the lowest among the three supports prepared for testing. However, its reducibility showed improvement with use of cobalt acetate, as a precursor, rather than cobalt nitrates. Mechanical strength and behavior was checked by the hardness testing machine. Fischer Tropsch （FT） synthesis experiments were performed in the fixed bed reactor set at 450-500 K and 2.3-2.5 MPa using synthetic gas having HJCO ration = 2.0. FT synthesis showed that cobalt/silicon carbide catalyst gives high CO conversion and lower methane selectivity, compared to Co/A1203 and Co/TiO2, as well as high C5＋ selectivity of almost 90%. Moreover, its stability was enhanced by the addition of Zr02, as without this addition, the Co/SiC interactions are weaker and can cause carbon sintering, and thus, the deactivation rate to increase.展开更多
文摘A study was carried out in district Samba of Western Himalayan province of Jammu and Kashmir of India.The data were collected in an interview schedule in personal interview with 180 household heads.The association between the level of fuelwood consumption(low versus high consumption) and different factors,each individually,was investigated using chi-square test of association at 0.001 level of significance.It was found that out of 25 socio-economic,biophysical and alternate fuel factors,15 factors(each individually) significantly influenced the domestic fuelwood consumption.Logistic regression models of alternate fuel use,social,economic and biophysical factors were developed to identify key variables influencing fuelwood consumption levels within each respective category.A composite model was also developed to identify key factors when all variables in all the pre-said categories were considered simultaneously.Surprisingly,in contrast to expectation the model with alternate fuel use did not provide a good fit.The biophysical model also did not provide a good fit.The economic and composite models were the same with equal level of accuracy of predication.This implies that economic aspects,rather than the availability of alternate fuels,dominate fuelwood consumption levels of rural households.Strategies to increase the exposure of the head of household to outside world needs to formulated to reduce the domestic fuelwood consumption levels.Households nearer to state forests are to be educated about efficient use of fuelwood and be encouraged to intensify use of Liquified Petroleum Gas.The wider implications of study are:the availability of alternate fuels is not a necessary condition to decrease household level domestic fuelwood consumption.Economic factors needs to be considered in designing strategies to reduce fuelwood consumption.Increased employment opportunities would increase the opportunity cost of fuelwood collection and this would reduce its use.
文摘A series of experiments were performed on indigenously synthesized catalyst pallets of cobalt as a very active metal on ceramic support like SiC, A1203 ＆ TiO2 in a fixed bed reactor configuration with an aim to study the catalyst activity ＆ selectivity, chemical kinetics, design flexibility, temperature, pressure by characteristics diffusion distance. Catalyst pallets were prepared and then characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Temperature Programmed Reduction. The results showed the Brunaner, Emmett and Teller area of SiC was the lowest among the three supports prepared for testing. However, its reducibility showed improvement with use of cobalt acetate, as a precursor, rather than cobalt nitrates. Mechanical strength and behavior was checked by the hardness testing machine. Fischer Tropsch （FT） synthesis experiments were performed in the fixed bed reactor set at 450-500 K and 2.3-2.5 MPa using synthetic gas having HJCO ration = 2.0. FT synthesis showed that cobalt/silicon carbide catalyst gives high CO conversion and lower methane selectivity, compared to Co/A1203 and Co/TiO2, as well as high C5＋ selectivity of almost 90%. Moreover, its stability was enhanced by the addition of Zr02, as without this addition, the Co/SiC interactions are weaker and can cause carbon sintering, and thus, the deactivation rate to increase.
