In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sit...In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sites, including 260 belonging to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） and 692 belonging to the China Meteorological Administration GNSS network （CMAGN）. Additionally, GNSS observation collecting and data processing procedures are presented and PWV data quality control methods are investigated. PWV levels as determined by GNSS and radiosonde are compared. The results show that GNSS estimates are generally in good agreement with measurements of radio- sondes and water vapor radiometers （WVR）. The PWV retrieved by the national GNSS network is used in weather forecasting, assimilation of data into numerical weather prediction models, the validation of PWV estimates by radiosonde, and plum rain monitoring. The network is also used to monitor the total ionospheric electron content.展开更多
Building tax capacity is central to the role of government in achieving the sustainable development goals,addressing climate change,and ensuring debt sustainability.Despite progress in revenue mobilization,there is st...Building tax capacity is central to the role of government in achieving the sustainable development goals,addressing climate change,and ensuring debt sustainability.Despite progress in revenue mobilization,there is still a large unmet tax potential in low-income developing countries.Increasing tax capacity requires a firm commitment to building institutions that govern the tax system and manage tax reform,and to improving the design of core taxes.To enhance understanding,this article provides a synopsis of why improving tax capacity is important and contains insights on trends in revenue mobilization,how to strengthen tax policy and the role of supporting institutions.Furthermore,it explores the importance of a sound legal framework for tax certainty,which plays a crucial role in shaping investment choices and can significantly affect economic growth.展开更多
目的：研究丙戊酸钠血药浓度与抗癫痫疗效及影响因素的关系，为临床个体化用药指导提供依据。方法对重庆医科大学附属永川医院133例服用丙戊酸钠的患者进行血药浓度测定，对血药浓度监测结果进行统计分析，并对133例患者抗癫痫疗效进行...目的：研究丙戊酸钠血药浓度与抗癫痫疗效及影响因素的关系，为临床个体化用药指导提供依据。方法对重庆医科大学附属永川医院133例服用丙戊酸钠的患者进行血药浓度测定，对血药浓度监测结果进行统计分析，并对133例患者抗癫痫疗效进行观察及分析。结果80例患者癫痫得到了控制，占60．15％，有效血药浓度（50～100 m g／L ）范围内有51例患者癫痫得到控制，占38．35％。血药浓度小于50 m g／L的44例患者中，26例未得到控制；男性与女性的血药浓度分布相似；丙戊酸钠血药浓度在各年龄组之间存在差异，成年组有52．87％患者血药浓度低于或高于治疗范围，未成年组则有39．13％；随着血药浓度增加，不良反应增加。结论丙戊酸钠的血药浓度与患者抗癫痫疗效之间存在个体差异，临床应用时，应根据患者的丙戊酸钠血药浓度、癫痫控制情况及年龄进行合理的个体化给药。展开更多
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Meteorological Scientific Research in the Public Interest(GYHY201406012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41275114)a construction fund for CMONOC
文摘In this study, the Global Navigation Satellite System （GNSS） network of China is discussed, which can be used to monitor atmospheric precipitable water vapor （PWV）. By the end of 2013, the network had 952 GNSS sites, including 260 belonging to the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） and 692 belonging to the China Meteorological Administration GNSS network （CMAGN）. Additionally, GNSS observation collecting and data processing procedures are presented and PWV data quality control methods are investigated. PWV levels as determined by GNSS and radiosonde are compared. The results show that GNSS estimates are generally in good agreement with measurements of radio- sondes and water vapor radiometers （WVR）. The PWV retrieved by the national GNSS network is used in weather forecasting, assimilation of data into numerical weather prediction models, the validation of PWV estimates by radiosonde, and plum rain monitoring. The network is also used to monitor the total ionospheric electron content.
文摘Building tax capacity is central to the role of government in achieving the sustainable development goals,addressing climate change,and ensuring debt sustainability.Despite progress in revenue mobilization,there is still a large unmet tax potential in low-income developing countries.Increasing tax capacity requires a firm commitment to building institutions that govern the tax system and manage tax reform,and to improving the design of core taxes.To enhance understanding,this article provides a synopsis of why improving tax capacity is important and contains insights on trends in revenue mobilization,how to strengthen tax policy and the role of supporting institutions.Furthermore,it explores the importance of a sound legal framework for tax certainty,which plays a crucial role in shaping investment choices and can significantly affect economic growth.
文摘目的：研究丙戊酸钠血药浓度与抗癫痫疗效及影响因素的关系，为临床个体化用药指导提供依据。方法对重庆医科大学附属永川医院133例服用丙戊酸钠的患者进行血药浓度测定，对血药浓度监测结果进行统计分析，并对133例患者抗癫痫疗效进行观察及分析。结果80例患者癫痫得到了控制，占60．15％，有效血药浓度（50～100 m g／L ）范围内有51例患者癫痫得到控制，占38．35％。血药浓度小于50 m g／L的44例患者中，26例未得到控制；男性与女性的血药浓度分布相似；丙戊酸钠血药浓度在各年龄组之间存在差异，成年组有52．87％患者血药浓度低于或高于治疗范围，未成年组则有39．13％；随着血药浓度增加，不良反应增加。结论丙戊酸钠的血药浓度与患者抗癫痫疗效之间存在个体差异，临床应用时，应根据患者的丙戊酸钠血药浓度、癫痫控制情况及年龄进行合理的个体化给药。
