Background:Human infections with zoonotic coronaviruses(CoVs),including severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,have raised great public health concern globally.Here,...Background:Human infections with zoonotic coronaviruses(CoVs),including severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,have raised great public health concern globally.Here,we report a novel batorigin CoV causing severe and fatal pneumonia in humans.Methods:We collected clinical data and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)specimens from five patients with severe pneumonia from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital,Hubei province,China.Nucleic acids of the BAL were extracted and subjected to next-generation sequencing.Virus isolation was carried out,and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed.Results:Five patients hospitalized from December 18 to December 29,2019 presented with fever,cough,and dyspnea accompanied by complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome.Chest radiography revealed diffuse opacities and consolidation.One of these patients died.Sequence results revealed the presence of a previously unknownβ-CoV strain in all five patients,with 99.8%to 99.9%nucleotide identities among the isolates.These isolates showed 79.0%nucleotide identity with the sequence of SARS-CoV(GenBank NC_004718)and 51.8%identity with the sequence of MERS-CoV(GenBank NC_019843).The virus is phylogenetically closest to a bat SARS-like CoV(SL-ZC45,GenBank MG772933)with 87.6%to 87.7%nucleotide identity,but is in a separate clade.Moreover,these viruses have a single intact open reading frame gene 8,as a further indicator of bat-origin CoVs.However,the amino acid sequence of the tentative receptor-binding domain resembles that of SARS-CoV,indicating that these viruses might use the same receptor.Conclusion:A novel bat-borne CoV was identified that is associated with severe and fatal respiratory disease in humans.展开更多
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral lei...Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) has reemerged in the hilly areas of China in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to construct an indicator framework for assessing the risk of the MT-ZVL in China, and to provide guidance for preventing disease.Methods: Based on a literature review and expert interview, a 3-level indicator framework was initially established in November 2021, and 28 experts were selected to perform two rounds of consultation using the Delphi method. The comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators was determined by the Delphi and the entropy weight methods.Results: Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted. Four primary indicators, 11 secondary indicators, and 35 tertiary indicators were identified. The Delphi-entropy weight method was performed to calculate the comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of the primary indicators were 0.268, 0.261, 0.242, and 0.229, respectively, for biological factors, interventions, environmental factors, and social factors. The normalized weights of the top four secondary indicators were 0.122, 0.120, 0.098, and 0.096, respectively, for climatic features, geographical features, sandflies, and dogs. Among the tertiary indicators, the top four normalized comprehensive weights were the population density of sandflies (0.076), topography (0.057), the population density of dogs, including tethering (0.056), and use of bed nets or other protective measures (0.056).Conclusions: An indicator framework of transmission risk assessment for MT-ZVL was established using the Delphientropy weight method. The framework provides a practical tool to evaluate transmission risk in endemic areas.展开更多
Non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)have been proven effective in reducing the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),but their broader impact on gastrointestinal disorders remains poorly studied.Here,we r...Non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)have been proven effective in reducing the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),but their broader impact on gastrointestinal disorders remains poorly studied.Here,we report an observational analysis and retrospective study that compares the incidence of acute diarrheal diseases in Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China,between 2019 and 2020,with an examination of the antimicrobial resistance and genetic spectrum of non-typhoidal Salmonella(NTS)from 2015 to 2022,before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Our findings underscore that NPIs related to COVID-19 effectively reduced the incidence of acute diarrhea,with a substantial decrease in most enteric pathogens.Notably,NTS exhibited an unexpected surge.Further genomic investigations of NTS isolates revealed an overall reduction in antimicrobial-resistant(AMR),disinfection-tolerant,and virulent capabilities,but with marked variations detected between human and animal isolates.Additional genome-based analysis confirmed a decrease in the scale of zoonotic transmission in response to NPIs,suggesting particular NTS types may contribute to human infections via alternative pathways.The collective findings manifested that COVID-19-related NPIs had a mixed impact on NTS infections,which may inform AMR NTS mitigation policy.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and assess the ancestor of HEVs in China’s Shandong Province.
The emergence and zoonotic transmission of poxviruses in the Middle East have been recognized as complex public health issues.Poxviruses,a vast family of DNA viruses,can infect many hosts,including animals and humans....The emergence and zoonotic transmission of poxviruses in the Middle East have been recognized as complex public health issues.Poxviruses,a vast family of DNA viruses,can infect many hosts,including animals and humans.The Middle East has had multiple epidemics of poxvirus infections(e.g.,Monkeypox,Smallpox,and Camelpox)that have raised concerns owing to their detrimental effects on livestock,wildlife,and sporadic human cases.This review aims to thoroughly examine the complexity of the epidemiological patterns,intricate genetic diversity,and several contributing factors that support the emergence and zoonotic transmission of poxviruses in the Middle East.Several aspects of poxviruses contribute to the emergence of endemics and zoonotic breakouts,such as the complex nature of human-animal interactions,environmental changes,and their subtle capacity for viral adaptability.This review was compiled in the hopes of contributing to the current understanding of poxvirus biology and its implications for human and animal health in the Middle East.We provide a comprehensive overview of the most common poxviruses in the Middle East,including their classification,structure,replication cycle,pathogenesis,route of transmissions,and of how the Middle East has developed ways to mitigate these biological threats.展开更多
Objective: To reveal the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)(MRSA) in poultry samples and to determine the antibiogram pattern against five antibiotics.Methods: Samples from different po...Objective: To reveal the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)(MRSA) in poultry samples and to determine the antibiogram pattern against five antibiotics.Methods: Samples from different poultry farm of Chittagong city, Bangladesh were examined for S. aureus by different biochemical tests and confirmed as MRSA by identifying the presence of mec A gene using PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern in S. aureus was determined by antibiotic disk diffusion method.Results: In this study, a total of 60 samples(30 from nasal swabs and 30 from cloacal swabs) were used, of which 54 were confirmed as S. aureus by different biochemical tests. Among these, 12 were confirmed as MRSA by detecting mec A gene using PCR.During antibiogram study, both nasal and cloacal samples showed the highest resistance against penicillin-G and the lowest resistance was observed against neomycin.Conclusions: Based on the present study, it can be said that different antibiotics are used extensively in poultry that leads to MRSA and is alarming for human health.展开更多
Nipah Virus (NiV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is one of the most infectious zoonotic viruses in Southeast Asia. First recorded in Malaysia in 1998, the NiV outbreak infected hundreds of people, with an al...Nipah Virus (NiV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is one of the most infectious zoonotic viruses in Southeast Asia. First recorded in Malaysia in 1998, the NiV outbreak infected hundreds of people, with an almost 50% death rate. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with contaminated subjects and infecting the human respiratory system. Ephrin B2 and B3, the surface glycoproteins on the host cell, have been the primary and the most effective route for viral entrance. Binding with viral surface G protein, the F protein triggers, enabling viral-host fusion. Until now, NiV vaccines are not yet available in the public market, however, preventions such as avoiding direct contact and masking are advised.展开更多
戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)是引起急性病毒性肝炎的病原体之一。HEV主要经粪-口途经传播,也有经输血传播的报道[1]。在发展中国家多因水源被HEV污染而发生戊型肝炎大规模流行,在发达国家主要是因摄入未煮熟的污染食物引起散...戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)是引起急性病毒性肝炎的病原体之一。HEV主要经粪-口途经传播,也有经输血传播的报道[1]。在发展中国家多因水源被HEV污染而发生戊型肝炎大规模流行,在发达国家主要是因摄入未煮熟的污染食物引起散发病例[2]。通常HEV感染后引起急性自限性肝炎,但是免疫功能低下的患者,合并HEV感染后可发生慢性化,甚至发展成肝硬化[3-5],孕妇感染HEV后病死率可高达20%[6]。最近还有报道,HEV感染后可引起一些严重的神[7-8]展开更多
Dear Editor,Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus,family Poxviridae.MPXV is known to be transmitted between animals such as rats and...Dear Editor,Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus,family Poxviridae.MPXV is known to be transmitted between animals such as rats and squirrels,but animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission has been known in Africa since 1970.Transmission is linked to direct contact with body fluids,skin lesions,and patient items as well as respiratory droplets in case of prolonged face-to-face contact[1].Until recently,only a few cases were associated with travel to endemic countries or contact with infected animals imported from endemic countries.展开更多
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses ...Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.展开更多
基金This study was supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2016-I2M-1-014)the National Major Science&Technology Project for Control and Prevention of Major Infectious Diseases in China(Nos.2017ZX10103004,2018ZX10305409,2017ZX10204401)the National Natural Science Foundation(No.81930063)
文摘Background:Human infections with zoonotic coronaviruses(CoVs),including severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)-CoV,have raised great public health concern globally.Here,we report a novel batorigin CoV causing severe and fatal pneumonia in humans.Methods:We collected clinical data and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)specimens from five patients with severe pneumonia from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital,Hubei province,China.Nucleic acids of the BAL were extracted and subjected to next-generation sequencing.Virus isolation was carried out,and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed.Results:Five patients hospitalized from December 18 to December 29,2019 presented with fever,cough,and dyspnea accompanied by complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome.Chest radiography revealed diffuse opacities and consolidation.One of these patients died.Sequence results revealed the presence of a previously unknownβ-CoV strain in all five patients,with 99.8%to 99.9%nucleotide identities among the isolates.These isolates showed 79.0%nucleotide identity with the sequence of SARS-CoV(GenBank NC_004718)and 51.8%identity with the sequence of MERS-CoV(GenBank NC_019843).The virus is phylogenetically closest to a bat SARS-like CoV(SL-ZC45,GenBank MG772933)with 87.6%to 87.7%nucleotide identity,but is in a separate clade.Moreover,these viruses have a single intact open reading frame gene 8,as a further indicator of bat-origin CoVs.However,the amino acid sequence of the tentative receptor-binding domain resembles that of SARS-CoV,indicating that these viruses might use the same receptor.Conclusion:A novel bat-borne CoV was identified that is associated with severe and fatal respiratory disease in humans.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC2300800,2021YFC2300804)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32161143036).
文摘Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Although VL was controlled in several regions of China during the last century, the mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) has reemerged in the hilly areas of China in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to construct an indicator framework for assessing the risk of the MT-ZVL in China, and to provide guidance for preventing disease.Methods: Based on a literature review and expert interview, a 3-level indicator framework was initially established in November 2021, and 28 experts were selected to perform two rounds of consultation using the Delphi method. The comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators was determined by the Delphi and the entropy weight methods.Results: Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted. Four primary indicators, 11 secondary indicators, and 35 tertiary indicators were identified. The Delphi-entropy weight method was performed to calculate the comprehensive weight of the tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of the primary indicators were 0.268, 0.261, 0.242, and 0.229, respectively, for biological factors, interventions, environmental factors, and social factors. The normalized weights of the top four secondary indicators were 0.122, 0.120, 0.098, and 0.096, respectively, for climatic features, geographical features, sandflies, and dogs. Among the tertiary indicators, the top four normalized comprehensive weights were the population density of sandflies (0.076), topography (0.057), the population density of dogs, including tethering (0.056), and use of bed nets or other protective measures (0.056).Conclusions: An indicator framework of transmission risk assessment for MT-ZVL was established using the Delphientropy weight method. The framework provides a practical tool to evaluate transmission risk in endemic areas.
基金We would like to thank Annemieke van den Dool(Duke Kunshan University)for the critical reading of the manuscriptThis study was supported by the National Program on the Key Research Project of China(2022YFC2604201)+4 种基金the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(861917-SAFFI)Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program of China(2023C030452022C02024)Zhejiang Provincial Naturaal Science Foundation of China(LZ24C180002)Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Techonology City(2021JJLH0083).
文摘Non-pharmaceutical interventions(NPIs)have been proven effective in reducing the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),but their broader impact on gastrointestinal disorders remains poorly studied.Here,we report an observational analysis and retrospective study that compares the incidence of acute diarrheal diseases in Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China,between 2019 and 2020,with an examination of the antimicrobial resistance and genetic spectrum of non-typhoidal Salmonella(NTS)from 2015 to 2022,before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Our findings underscore that NPIs related to COVID-19 effectively reduced the incidence of acute diarrhea,with a substantial decrease in most enteric pathogens.Notably,NTS exhibited an unexpected surge.Further genomic investigations of NTS isolates revealed an overall reduction in antimicrobial-resistant(AMR),disinfection-tolerant,and virulent capabilities,but with marked variations detected between human and animal isolates.Additional genome-based analysis confirmed a decrease in the scale of zoonotic transmission in response to NPIs,suggesting particular NTS types may contribute to human infections via alternative pathways.The collective findings manifested that COVID-19-related NPIs had a mixed impact on NTS infections,which may inform AMR NTS mitigation policy.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30930078
文摘AIM: To investigate the seroprevalence and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and assess the ancestor of HEVs in China’s Shandong Province.
文摘The emergence and zoonotic transmission of poxviruses in the Middle East have been recognized as complex public health issues.Poxviruses,a vast family of DNA viruses,can infect many hosts,including animals and humans.The Middle East has had multiple epidemics of poxvirus infections(e.g.,Monkeypox,Smallpox,and Camelpox)that have raised concerns owing to their detrimental effects on livestock,wildlife,and sporadic human cases.This review aims to thoroughly examine the complexity of the epidemiological patterns,intricate genetic diversity,and several contributing factors that support the emergence and zoonotic transmission of poxviruses in the Middle East.Several aspects of poxviruses contribute to the emergence of endemics and zoonotic breakouts,such as the complex nature of human-animal interactions,environmental changes,and their subtle capacity for viral adaptability.This review was compiled in the hopes of contributing to the current understanding of poxvirus biology and its implications for human and animal health in the Middle East.We provide a comprehensive overview of the most common poxviruses in the Middle East,including their classification,structure,replication cycle,pathogenesis,route of transmissions,and of how the Middle East has developed ways to mitigate these biological threats.
基金Supported by University Grants Commission of Bangladesh(Grant No.240/POO/7-31(D)/2013)
文摘Objective: To reveal the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)(MRSA) in poultry samples and to determine the antibiogram pattern against five antibiotics.Methods: Samples from different poultry farm of Chittagong city, Bangladesh were examined for S. aureus by different biochemical tests and confirmed as MRSA by identifying the presence of mec A gene using PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern in S. aureus was determined by antibiotic disk diffusion method.Results: In this study, a total of 60 samples(30 from nasal swabs and 30 from cloacal swabs) were used, of which 54 were confirmed as S. aureus by different biochemical tests. Among these, 12 were confirmed as MRSA by detecting mec A gene using PCR.During antibiogram study, both nasal and cloacal samples showed the highest resistance against penicillin-G and the lowest resistance was observed against neomycin.Conclusions: Based on the present study, it can be said that different antibiotics are used extensively in poultry that leads to MRSA and is alarming for human health.
文摘Nipah Virus (NiV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is one of the most infectious zoonotic viruses in Southeast Asia. First recorded in Malaysia in 1998, the NiV outbreak infected hundreds of people, with an almost 50% death rate. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with contaminated subjects and infecting the human respiratory system. Ephrin B2 and B3, the surface glycoproteins on the host cell, have been the primary and the most effective route for viral entrance. Binding with viral surface G protein, the F protein triggers, enabling viral-host fusion. Until now, NiV vaccines are not yet available in the public market, however, preventions such as avoiding direct contact and masking are advised.
文摘戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)是引起急性病毒性肝炎的病原体之一。HEV主要经粪-口途经传播,也有经输血传播的报道[1]。在发展中国家多因水源被HEV污染而发生戊型肝炎大规模流行,在发达国家主要是因摄入未煮熟的污染食物引起散发病例[2]。通常HEV感染后引起急性自限性肝炎,但是免疫功能低下的患者,合并HEV感染后可发生慢性化,甚至发展成肝硬化[3-5],孕妇感染HEV后病死率可高达20%[6]。最近还有报道,HEV感染后可引起一些严重的神[7-8]
文摘Dear Editor,Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV),a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus,family Poxviridae.MPXV is known to be transmitted between animals such as rats and squirrels,but animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission has been known in Africa since 1970.Transmission is linked to direct contact with body fluids,skin lesions,and patient items as well as respiratory droplets in case of prolonged face-to-face contact[1].Until recently,only a few cases were associated with travel to endemic countries or contact with infected animals imported from endemic countries.
基金This study was partially funded by a MIPS Strategic Scholarship from Murdoch University.
文摘Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.
