Drawing upon the electromagnetic conversion formulas in a continuous conductive medium,an extensive examination for total current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s law)is undertaken to exp...Drawing upon the electromagnetic conversion formulas in a continuous conductive medium,an extensive examination for total current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s law)is undertaken to expound on the laws of electromagnetic induction and conversion.The longitudinal wave term of Faraday’s law is reinstated to render it suitable for theoretical derivation of the LEM(Longitudinal Electromagnetic Wave)equation.Subsequently,we formulate the wave and energy equations for electric P-wave based on reevaluated total current law and modified Faraday’s law;meanwhile proposing a propagation mode that reveals its mechanisms absorbing free energy for LEM waves in a conductor predicated on interaction between scalar electric field and vortex magnetic field.Furthermore,through theoretical derivations based on LEM waves,insights into concealed relationships between electric P-wave and electromagnetism scalar potential are disclosed alongside the constraint equation between the wave velocities of LEM wave and TEM(Transverse Electromagnetic)waves,unveiling the significance of LEM wave.展开更多
It is shown that such phenomena as quantum correlations (interaction of space-separated quantum entities), the action of magnetic vector potential on quantum entities in the absence of magnetic field, and near-field a...It is shown that such phenomena as quantum correlations (interaction of space-separated quantum entities), the action of magnetic vector potential on quantum entities in the absence of magnetic field, and near-field antenna effect (the existence of superluminally propagating electromagnetic fields) may be explained by action of spin supercurrents. In case of quantum correlations between quantum entities, spin supercurrent emerges between virtual particles pairs (virtual photons) created by those quantum entities. The explanation of magnetic vector potential and near-field antenna effect is based on contemporary principle of quantum mechanics: the physical vacuum is not an empty space but the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. Using the properties of the oscillators and spin supercurrent, it is proved that magnetic vector potential is proportional to the moment causing the orientation of spin of QHO along the direction of magnetic field. The near-field antenna effect is supposed to take place as a result of action of spin supercurrent causing secondary electromagnetic oscillations. In this way, the electromagnetic field may spread at the speed of spin supercurrent. As spin supercurrent is an inertia free process, its speed may be greater than that of light, which does not contradict postulates of special relativity that sets limits to the speed of inertial systems only.展开更多
A new approach to solving two of the cosmological constant problems (CCPs) is proposed by introducing the Abbott-Deser (AD) method for defining Killing charges in asymptotic de Sitter space as the only consistent mean...A new approach to solving two of the cosmological constant problems (CCPs) is proposed by introducing the Abbott-Deser (AD) method for defining Killing charges in asymptotic de Sitter space as the only consistent means for defining the ground-state vacuum for the CCP. That granted, Einstein gravity will also need to be modified at short-distance nuclear scales, using instead a nonminimally coupled scalar-tensor theory of gravitation that provides for the existence of QCD’s two-phase vacuum having two different zero-point energy states as a function of temperature. Einstein gravity alone cannot accomplish this. The scalar field will be taken from bag theory in hadron physics, and the origin of the bag constant B is accounted for by gravity’s CC as B—noting that the Higgs mechanism does not account for either the curved-space origin of λ or the mass of composite hadrons. A small Hubble-scale graviton mass mg^10-33eV naturally appears external to the hadron bag, induced by λ≠0. This mass is unobservable and gravitationally gauge-dependent. It is shown to be related to the cosmological event horizon in asymptotic de Sitter space.展开更多
Sonoluminescence is the light produced from the collapse of bubbles in water under ultrasound. Schwinger proposed a physical mechanism for sonoluminescence in terms of photon production due to changes of quantum elect...Sonoluminescence is the light produced from the collapse of bubbles in water under ultrasound. Schwinger proposed a physical mechanism for sonoluminescence in terms of photon production due to changes of quantum electrodynamic energy contained in a collapsing dielectric bubble. However there are critics for the Schwinger’s proposal that his estimate of the Casimir energy involved is inaccurate and there are several papers to propose its missing term. In this paper, the author presents another possible component of sonoluminescense which is due to Cherenkov radiation from tachyon pairs generated in a collapsing bubble.展开更多
In quantum field theory, the physical vacuum, free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy), is defined not as an empty space but as the ground state of the field consisting of quantu...In quantum field theory, the physical vacuum, free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy), is defined not as an empty space but as the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. The aim of this work is to show that such physical vacuum may possess the properties similar to the properties of dark energy: the positive density, the negative pressure, and the possibility of so-called accelerated expansion. In the model discussed, the mass of QHOs determines the positive density of dark energy. The observed electric polarization of physical vacuum in an electric field means the existence of electric dipole moment of QHO, which, in turn, suggests the existence inside the QHO of a repulsive force between unlike charges compensating the attractive Coulomb force between the charges. The existence of such repulsive force may be treated as the existence of omniradial tensions inside every QHO. In terms of hydrodynamics, it means that the vacuum with this property may be regarded as a medium with negative pressure. The electric dipole-dipole interaction of QHOs under some condition may result in the expansion of physical vacuum consisting of QHOs. It is shown also that the physical vacuum consisting of QHOs is a luminiferous medium, and based on this concept the conditions are discussed for the emergence of invisiblity of any objects (in particular, dark matter). The existence of luminiferous medium does not contradict the second postulate of special relativity (the principle of constancy of the velocity of light in inertial systems), if to take into account the interaction of photons with QHOs and with virtual photons (the virtual particles pairs) created by quantum entities that constitute the inertial systems.展开更多
We consider the extension of the Casimir effect to finite temperatures in the ideal case of perfectly reflecting plates. We apply Lifshitz’s theory in its Dzyaloshinskii version, and calculate the resulting force num...We consider the extension of the Casimir effect to finite temperatures in the ideal case of perfectly reflecting plates. We apply Lifshitz’s theory in its Dzyaloshinskii version, and calculate the resulting force numerically for various plate distances. We show that the limiting expression found in the literature corresponds to unrealistic values of the parameters for which the force is too small to be measurable. Preliminary remark: There exists a huge literature on the Casimir effect both theoretical and experimental. In this note we concentrate on a particular point of the subject, quoting only references directly related to this point.展开更多
After researching carefully the well known M. Planck’s law of the black-body radiation, the quantum theory of field and the Einstein’s postulates about interaction of the photon with the atoms, there are a lot of un...After researching carefully the well known M. Planck’s law of the black-body radiation, the quantum theory of field and the Einstein’s postulates about interaction of the photon with the atoms, there are a lot of unclear questions about photon and its interaction with atom. From all the above questions, there are three main following questions: Why does the energy of a light mode include zero-point energy? Where does the first photon come from in universe? and What is the first fact as a reason of absorption, emission in the photon-atom interaction? To find out the acceptable answers, here we propose postulates about the zero-photon and then about the new concepts of photon. Using them, we have tried to describe the basic characters of the photon and explain the photon-atom interaction in other way: the spin-spin interaction. Our results showed out the different picture of mechanism of the photon-atom interaction, the existence of the zero-photon energy, the absorption as well as the emission rule and its probabilities.展开更多
Advanced molecular dynamics(MD)simulation and infrared(IR)spectroscopy have been widely adopted to reveal the detailed dynamic process of high-speed selective permeability of potassium channels.Yet these MD simulation...Advanced molecular dynamics(MD)simulation and infrared(IR)spectroscopy have been widely adopted to reveal the detailed dynamic process of high-speed selective permeability of potassium channels.Yet these MD simulations cannot avoid the choice of empirical molecular force fields and high transmembrane voltages(as driving electric fields for ions)far exceeding physiological levels.Moreover,the IR spectroscopy method usually requires isotope labels for carbonyl groups of the channels,which may change the original permeation process.Here,we build the terahertz(THz)trapped ion model for the selectivity filter(SF)of potassium channels KcsA based on the density functional theory(DFT)calculation of ion potentials.In this model,the zero-point energy of trapped ions and quantum tunneling effect provide the physical basis for near diffusion limited permeation rates of ions and explain the high driving electric field in MD simulations.Quantitative calculations of zero-point energy and tunneling probability show that the quantum effect assisted knock-on mechanism may help to realize the physiological functions of potassium channels.Furthermore,based on the trapped ion model,we calculated the ion decoherence timescale under the influence of protein environmental noise.We use the quantum optics method to describe the interaction between THz waves and the trapped ion.Then the novel THz spectroscopy approaches through the THz resonance fluorescence and the intense field non-resonant effect are presented theoretically.These are expected to be isotope label-free detective methods of the rapid ion permeation dynamics.展开更多
文摘Drawing upon the electromagnetic conversion formulas in a continuous conductive medium,an extensive examination for total current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s law)is undertaken to expound on the laws of electromagnetic induction and conversion.The longitudinal wave term of Faraday’s law is reinstated to render it suitable for theoretical derivation of the LEM(Longitudinal Electromagnetic Wave)equation.Subsequently,we formulate the wave and energy equations for electric P-wave based on reevaluated total current law and modified Faraday’s law;meanwhile proposing a propagation mode that reveals its mechanisms absorbing free energy for LEM waves in a conductor predicated on interaction between scalar electric field and vortex magnetic field.Furthermore,through theoretical derivations based on LEM waves,insights into concealed relationships between electric P-wave and electromagnetism scalar potential are disclosed alongside the constraint equation between the wave velocities of LEM wave and TEM(Transverse Electromagnetic)waves,unveiling the significance of LEM wave.
文摘It is shown that such phenomena as quantum correlations (interaction of space-separated quantum entities), the action of magnetic vector potential on quantum entities in the absence of magnetic field, and near-field antenna effect (the existence of superluminally propagating electromagnetic fields) may be explained by action of spin supercurrents. In case of quantum correlations between quantum entities, spin supercurrent emerges between virtual particles pairs (virtual photons) created by those quantum entities. The explanation of magnetic vector potential and near-field antenna effect is based on contemporary principle of quantum mechanics: the physical vacuum is not an empty space but the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. Using the properties of the oscillators and spin supercurrent, it is proved that magnetic vector potential is proportional to the moment causing the orientation of spin of QHO along the direction of magnetic field. The near-field antenna effect is supposed to take place as a result of action of spin supercurrent causing secondary electromagnetic oscillations. In this way, the electromagnetic field may spread at the speed of spin supercurrent. As spin supercurrent is an inertia free process, its speed may be greater than that of light, which does not contradict postulates of special relativity that sets limits to the speed of inertial systems only.
文摘A new approach to solving two of the cosmological constant problems (CCPs) is proposed by introducing the Abbott-Deser (AD) method for defining Killing charges in asymptotic de Sitter space as the only consistent means for defining the ground-state vacuum for the CCP. That granted, Einstein gravity will also need to be modified at short-distance nuclear scales, using instead a nonminimally coupled scalar-tensor theory of gravitation that provides for the existence of QCD’s two-phase vacuum having two different zero-point energy states as a function of temperature. Einstein gravity alone cannot accomplish this. The scalar field will be taken from bag theory in hadron physics, and the origin of the bag constant B is accounted for by gravity’s CC as B—noting that the Higgs mechanism does not account for either the curved-space origin of λ or the mass of composite hadrons. A small Hubble-scale graviton mass mg^10-33eV naturally appears external to the hadron bag, induced by λ≠0. This mass is unobservable and gravitationally gauge-dependent. It is shown to be related to the cosmological event horizon in asymptotic de Sitter space.
文摘Sonoluminescence is the light produced from the collapse of bubbles in water under ultrasound. Schwinger proposed a physical mechanism for sonoluminescence in terms of photon production due to changes of quantum electrodynamic energy contained in a collapsing dielectric bubble. However there are critics for the Schwinger’s proposal that his estimate of the Casimir energy involved is inaccurate and there are several papers to propose its missing term. In this paper, the author presents another possible component of sonoluminescense which is due to Cherenkov radiation from tachyon pairs generated in a collapsing bubble.
文摘In quantum field theory, the physical vacuum, free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy), is defined not as an empty space but as the ground state of the field consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) characterized by zero-point energy. The aim of this work is to show that such physical vacuum may possess the properties similar to the properties of dark energy: the positive density, the negative pressure, and the possibility of so-called accelerated expansion. In the model discussed, the mass of QHOs determines the positive density of dark energy. The observed electric polarization of physical vacuum in an electric field means the existence of electric dipole moment of QHO, which, in turn, suggests the existence inside the QHO of a repulsive force between unlike charges compensating the attractive Coulomb force between the charges. The existence of such repulsive force may be treated as the existence of omniradial tensions inside every QHO. In terms of hydrodynamics, it means that the vacuum with this property may be regarded as a medium with negative pressure. The electric dipole-dipole interaction of QHOs under some condition may result in the expansion of physical vacuum consisting of QHOs. It is shown also that the physical vacuum consisting of QHOs is a luminiferous medium, and based on this concept the conditions are discussed for the emergence of invisiblity of any objects (in particular, dark matter). The existence of luminiferous medium does not contradict the second postulate of special relativity (the principle of constancy of the velocity of light in inertial systems), if to take into account the interaction of photons with QHOs and with virtual photons (the virtual particles pairs) created by quantum entities that constitute the inertial systems.
文摘We consider the extension of the Casimir effect to finite temperatures in the ideal case of perfectly reflecting plates. We apply Lifshitz’s theory in its Dzyaloshinskii version, and calculate the resulting force numerically for various plate distances. We show that the limiting expression found in the literature corresponds to unrealistic values of the parameters for which the force is too small to be measurable. Preliminary remark: There exists a huge literature on the Casimir effect both theoretical and experimental. In this note we concentrate on a particular point of the subject, quoting only references directly related to this point.
文摘After researching carefully the well known M. Planck’s law of the black-body radiation, the quantum theory of field and the Einstein’s postulates about interaction of the photon with the atoms, there are a lot of unclear questions about photon and its interaction with atom. From all the above questions, there are three main following questions: Why does the energy of a light mode include zero-point energy? Where does the first photon come from in universe? and What is the first fact as a reason of absorption, emission in the photon-atom interaction? To find out the acceptable answers, here we propose postulates about the zero-photon and then about the new concepts of photon. Using them, we have tried to describe the basic characters of the photon and explain the photon-atom interaction in other way: the spin-spin interaction. Our results showed out the different picture of mechanism of the photon-atom interaction, the existence of the zero-photon energy, the absorption as well as the emission rule and its probabilities.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61921002 and 61988102).
文摘Advanced molecular dynamics(MD)simulation and infrared(IR)spectroscopy have been widely adopted to reveal the detailed dynamic process of high-speed selective permeability of potassium channels.Yet these MD simulations cannot avoid the choice of empirical molecular force fields and high transmembrane voltages(as driving electric fields for ions)far exceeding physiological levels.Moreover,the IR spectroscopy method usually requires isotope labels for carbonyl groups of the channels,which may change the original permeation process.Here,we build the terahertz(THz)trapped ion model for the selectivity filter(SF)of potassium channels KcsA based on the density functional theory(DFT)calculation of ion potentials.In this model,the zero-point energy of trapped ions and quantum tunneling effect provide the physical basis for near diffusion limited permeation rates of ions and explain the high driving electric field in MD simulations.Quantitative calculations of zero-point energy and tunneling probability show that the quantum effect assisted knock-on mechanism may help to realize the physiological functions of potassium channels.Furthermore,based on the trapped ion model,we calculated the ion decoherence timescale under the influence of protein environmental noise.We use the quantum optics method to describe the interaction between THz waves and the trapped ion.Then the novel THz spectroscopy approaches through the THz resonance fluorescence and the intense field non-resonant effect are presented theoretically.These are expected to be isotope label-free detective methods of the rapid ion permeation dynamics.
