Nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEB) would effectively improve building energy efficiency and promote building electrification. By using a carbon emission model integrated into a bottom-up mid-to-long term energy consu...Nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEB) would effectively improve building energy efficiency and promote building electrification. By using a carbon emission model integrated into a bottom-up mid-to-long term energy consumption model, this study analyzes the contribution of NZEB standards to carbon emission targets in the urban area of China by 2060. Three scenarios are set, namely BAU, steady development (S1), and high-speed development (S2). For BAU, the total carbon emissions will reach a peak of 1.94 Gt CO_(2) by 2040. In S1 scenario, total building carbon emissions will reach the peak of 1.72 Gt CO_(2) by 2030. In S2 scenario, the carbon emissions will reach a peak by 2025 with 1.64 Gt CO_(2). Under S1 scenario, which features consistency with NZEB market development and periodic improvement of building energy-efficiency standards, the carbon emission peak in 2030 will be accomplished. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, the upgrading of building energy standards to NZEB will contribute 50.1%, while zero-carbon electricity contribution is 49.9%. It is concluded that 2025, 2030, and 2035 could be set as mandatory enforcement years for ultra-low energy buildings, NZEB and zero energy building (ZEB), respectively.展开更多
For the carbon-neutral,a multi-carrier renewable energy system(MRES),driven by the wind,solar and geothermal,was considered as an effective solution to mitigate CO2emissions and reduce energy usage in the building sec...For the carbon-neutral,a multi-carrier renewable energy system(MRES),driven by the wind,solar and geothermal,was considered as an effective solution to mitigate CO2emissions and reduce energy usage in the building sector.A proper sizing method was essential for achieving the desired 100%renewable energy system of resources.This paper presented a bi-objective optimization formulation for sizing the MRES using a constrained genetic algorithm(GA)coupled with the loss of power supply probability(LPSP)method to achieve the minimal cost of the system and the reliability of the system to the load real time requirement.An optimization App has been developed in MATLAB environment to offer a user-friendly interface and output the optimized design parameters when given the load demand.A case study of a swimming pool building was used to demonstrate the process of the proposed design method.Compared to the conventional distributed energy system,the MRES is feasible with a lower annual total cost(ATC).Additionally,the ATC decreases as the power supply reliability of the renewable system decreases.There is a decrease of 24%of the annual total cost when the power supply probability is equal to 8%compared to the baseline case with 0%power supply probability.展开更多
Climate change can adversely impact the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the buildings stock. The South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change specially in the for...Climate change can adversely impact the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the buildings stock. The South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change specially in the form of rising temperatures and increasing frequency of heat waves. The passive building design measures can be useful in mitigating and adapting to the climate change by increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study various passive climate change adaptation measures (PCAMs) have been used individually and in form of combinations in order to analyze their impact on the energy efficacy of residential buildings in Pakistan. It has been found that the natural ventilation and front green wall are the most efficient options for reducing the overall energy consumption. By implementation of these PCAMs, cooling demand can be decreased by 27.75% while heating demand can be reduced by 35%. Secondly, the prospect of net zero-energy building and reduced CO2 emissions are also studied. It has been shown that building can achieve net-zero energy on an annual basis at every orientation and it can attain the status of nearly zero-energy building on a monthly basis. Moreover, emitted CO2 can be reduced by 31% by using the renewable energy.展开更多
Design parameters at different scales in the pre-design phase could significantly impact both building energy consumption and photovoltaic(PV)power generation potential.However,existing studies often overlook the syne...Design parameters at different scales in the pre-design phase could significantly impact both building energy consumption and photovoltaic(PV)power generation potential.However,existing studies often overlook the synergistic effects of design parameters across multiple scales(block-building-facade scales)when evaluating these aspects.This paper aims to propose a workflow for the assessing building energy consumption and PV power generation potential of office blocks applicable in the pre-schematic design phase considering the synergistic influence of multi-scale design parameters,using building typology and parametric modelling approach.The study proposed a multi-scale design parameter classification system combined with parametric modelling.The study investigated 80 office blocks in Wuhan as the study case,which were classified into array type and enclosed type.Correlation analysis and multiple regression equations were used to quantify the single versus synergistic effects of different scale design parameters.Results suggest that focusing solely on a single scale during the pre-design stage is typically inadequate for understanding building energy potential.In contrast,multi-scale synergistic analysis boosts energy use intensity(EUI)by 7.56%and net energy use intensity(NEUI)by 33.96%.Under multi-scale synergistic conditions,the EUI of array type is more influenced by the building design parameters,while the NEUI is effected by the balance of multi-scales design parameters.While the EUI of enclosed types exhibit balanced effects across multi-scale design parameters,with NEUI results aligning closely with PV power generation potential.Multiple regression equations highlight building density and shape factor as key influencers for both array and enclosure layouts.This study offers designers a flexible and scalable workflow for evaluating building energy consumption and PV power generation potential in the pre-design phase.The findings can guide nearly-zero energy urban block planning to achieve a balance between e展开更多
Chlorine-based disinfectants(CBDs)have been widely used to prevent and control the spread of the COVID-19,which may lead to the formation of carcinogenic hazards.In China,strict disinfection strategies by local govern...Chlorine-based disinfectants(CBDs)have been widely used to prevent and control the spread of the COVID-19,which may lead to the formation of carcinogenic hazards.In China,strict disinfection strategies by local governments/communities or volunteering by residents have been implemented to meet the Dynamic COVID Zero(DCZ)Strategy.However,the amount of CBDs used has not been estimated.The author proposed an urban-scale disinfectant consumption estimation(ALICE)model to quantify weekly CBD consumption.The results show that the CBD consumption for the urban region of Beijing during the DCZ strategy was 3704.0 t(0.43 kg/(cap-yr)),equivalent to a monthly increase of 15 g/cap(70.5%)in CBD consumption compared with that in pre-pandemic.According to the scenario analysis,a stricter strategy with a shorter response time toward new cases will decrease the total CBD consumption by 1.2% compared with the baseline estimation.A more precise prevention strategy with a smaller delineation of risk area and a less stringent strategy with a longer response time will lower the total CBD consumption by 0.42% and 0.35%,respectively.Specifically,the more precise prevention strategy will reduce CBD consumption of close off and lockdown area(COLD area)by 16.9%,and the stricter strategy will reduce this consumption by 37.7%.This study highlights the impact of pandemic prevention and control strategies on chlorine-based disinfectant consumption and some implications for future environmental pollution and risk assessments.展开更多
In the below-given paper, a holistic, multidisciplinary approach of goods consumption, the economics of recycling and recovery is unfolding, concisely structured, until 2013. The analysis was focused, in brief, on som...In the below-given paper, a holistic, multidisciplinary approach of goods consumption, the economics of recycling and recovery is unfolding, concisely structured, until 2013. The analysis was focused, in brief, on some economic models addressed to environmental issues, tax policies, welfare, waste management, and specifically on recycling and reuse economic modelling. Recycle is an established practice in many countries, while reuse is still under development. Reuse in many aspects is a more desirable option, as far as waste management concerns, and EU legislation seems to encourage this practice. Many industries, especially in the technology section, have developed recycle and reuse programs in order to gain an advantage, while some of them have set a target of zero waste in their production process.展开更多
Beyond energy efficiency,there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources,materials,food and water.After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade,the focus has shifted to include resource and mater...Beyond energy efficiency,there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources,materials,food and water.After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade,the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency.In this context,urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe,where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries,turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens.Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste,returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment.Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050(predicted population growth,UN-Habitat forecast 2009).This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow,material recovery,adaptive re-use of building elements and components(‘design for disassembly’;prefabrication of modular building components),and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation,reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour.The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world’s natural resources:the construction sector and the education of architects and designers.The construction sector:Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly.Today,the construction and demolition(C&D)sector is one of the main producers of waste;it does not engage enough with waste minimization,waste avoidance and recycling.Education and research:It’s still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects,urban designers,industrial designers,and so on.One of the findings of this paper is that embedding‘zero-waste’requires strong industry leadership,new policies and effective education curricula,as well as raising awareness(education)and r展开更多
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China“Research on Optimal Configuration and Demand Response of Energy Storage Technology in Nearly-zero Energy Community(2019YFE0193100)”.
文摘Nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEB) would effectively improve building energy efficiency and promote building electrification. By using a carbon emission model integrated into a bottom-up mid-to-long term energy consumption model, this study analyzes the contribution of NZEB standards to carbon emission targets in the urban area of China by 2060. Three scenarios are set, namely BAU, steady development (S1), and high-speed development (S2). For BAU, the total carbon emissions will reach a peak of 1.94 Gt CO_(2) by 2040. In S1 scenario, total building carbon emissions will reach the peak of 1.72 Gt CO_(2) by 2030. In S2 scenario, the carbon emissions will reach a peak by 2025 with 1.64 Gt CO_(2). Under S1 scenario, which features consistency with NZEB market development and periodic improvement of building energy-efficiency standards, the carbon emission peak in 2030 will be accomplished. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, the upgrading of building energy standards to NZEB will contribute 50.1%, while zero-carbon electricity contribution is 49.9%. It is concluded that 2025, 2030, and 2035 could be set as mandatory enforcement years for ultra-low energy buildings, NZEB and zero energy building (ZEB), respectively.
基金Project(52108101)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2020GK4057,2021JJ40759)supported by the Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department,China。
文摘For the carbon-neutral,a multi-carrier renewable energy system(MRES),driven by the wind,solar and geothermal,was considered as an effective solution to mitigate CO2emissions and reduce energy usage in the building sector.A proper sizing method was essential for achieving the desired 100%renewable energy system of resources.This paper presented a bi-objective optimization formulation for sizing the MRES using a constrained genetic algorithm(GA)coupled with the loss of power supply probability(LPSP)method to achieve the minimal cost of the system and the reliability of the system to the load real time requirement.An optimization App has been developed in MATLAB environment to offer a user-friendly interface and output the optimized design parameters when given the load demand.A case study of a swimming pool building was used to demonstrate the process of the proposed design method.Compared to the conventional distributed energy system,the MRES is feasible with a lower annual total cost(ATC).Additionally,the ATC decreases as the power supply reliability of the renewable system decreases.There is a decrease of 24%of the annual total cost when the power supply probability is equal to 8%compared to the baseline case with 0%power supply probability.
文摘Climate change can adversely impact the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the buildings stock. The South Asian countries are particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change specially in the form of rising temperatures and increasing frequency of heat waves. The passive building design measures can be useful in mitigating and adapting to the climate change by increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study various passive climate change adaptation measures (PCAMs) have been used individually and in form of combinations in order to analyze their impact on the energy efficacy of residential buildings in Pakistan. It has been found that the natural ventilation and front green wall are the most efficient options for reducing the overall energy consumption. By implementation of these PCAMs, cooling demand can be decreased by 27.75% while heating demand can be reduced by 35%. Secondly, the prospect of net zero-energy building and reduced CO2 emissions are also studied. It has been shown that building can achieve net-zero energy on an annual basis at every orientation and it can attain the status of nearly zero-energy building on a monthly basis. Moreover, emitted CO2 can be reduced by 31% by using the renewable energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(No.52378020)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science(No.2023KA02)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YCJJ20230576)Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team(No.2019QYTD10).
文摘Design parameters at different scales in the pre-design phase could significantly impact both building energy consumption and photovoltaic(PV)power generation potential.However,existing studies often overlook the synergistic effects of design parameters across multiple scales(block-building-facade scales)when evaluating these aspects.This paper aims to propose a workflow for the assessing building energy consumption and PV power generation potential of office blocks applicable in the pre-schematic design phase considering the synergistic influence of multi-scale design parameters,using building typology and parametric modelling approach.The study proposed a multi-scale design parameter classification system combined with parametric modelling.The study investigated 80 office blocks in Wuhan as the study case,which were classified into array type and enclosed type.Correlation analysis and multiple regression equations were used to quantify the single versus synergistic effects of different scale design parameters.Results suggest that focusing solely on a single scale during the pre-design stage is typically inadequate for understanding building energy potential.In contrast,multi-scale synergistic analysis boosts energy use intensity(EUI)by 7.56%and net energy use intensity(NEUI)by 33.96%.Under multi-scale synergistic conditions,the EUI of array type is more influenced by the building design parameters,while the NEUI is effected by the balance of multi-scales design parameters.While the EUI of enclosed types exhibit balanced effects across multi-scale design parameters,with NEUI results aligning closely with PV power generation potential.Multiple regression equations highlight building density and shape factor as key influencers for both array and enclosure layouts.This study offers designers a flexible and scalable workflow for evaluating building energy consumption and PV power generation potential in the pre-design phase.The findings can guide nearly-zero energy urban block planning to achieve a balance between e
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52091544).
文摘Chlorine-based disinfectants(CBDs)have been widely used to prevent and control the spread of the COVID-19,which may lead to the formation of carcinogenic hazards.In China,strict disinfection strategies by local governments/communities or volunteering by residents have been implemented to meet the Dynamic COVID Zero(DCZ)Strategy.However,the amount of CBDs used has not been estimated.The author proposed an urban-scale disinfectant consumption estimation(ALICE)model to quantify weekly CBD consumption.The results show that the CBD consumption for the urban region of Beijing during the DCZ strategy was 3704.0 t(0.43 kg/(cap-yr)),equivalent to a monthly increase of 15 g/cap(70.5%)in CBD consumption compared with that in pre-pandemic.According to the scenario analysis,a stricter strategy with a shorter response time toward new cases will decrease the total CBD consumption by 1.2% compared with the baseline estimation.A more precise prevention strategy with a smaller delineation of risk area and a less stringent strategy with a longer response time will lower the total CBD consumption by 0.42% and 0.35%,respectively.Specifically,the more precise prevention strategy will reduce CBD consumption of close off and lockdown area(COLD area)by 16.9%,and the stricter strategy will reduce this consumption by 37.7%.This study highlights the impact of pandemic prevention and control strategies on chlorine-based disinfectant consumption and some implications for future environmental pollution and risk assessments.
文摘In the below-given paper, a holistic, multidisciplinary approach of goods consumption, the economics of recycling and recovery is unfolding, concisely structured, until 2013. The analysis was focused, in brief, on some economic models addressed to environmental issues, tax policies, welfare, waste management, and specifically on recycling and reuse economic modelling. Recycle is an established practice in many countries, while reuse is still under development. Reuse in many aspects is a more desirable option, as far as waste management concerns, and EU legislation seems to encourage this practice. Many industries, especially in the technology section, have developed recycle and reuse programs in order to gain an advantage, while some of them have set a target of zero waste in their production process.
文摘Beyond energy efficiency,there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources,materials,food and water.After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade,the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency.In this context,urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe,where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries,turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens.Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste,returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment.Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050(predicted population growth,UN-Habitat forecast 2009).This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow,material recovery,adaptive re-use of building elements and components(‘design for disassembly’;prefabrication of modular building components),and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation,reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour.The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world’s natural resources:the construction sector and the education of architects and designers.The construction sector:Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly.Today,the construction and demolition(C&D)sector is one of the main producers of waste;it does not engage enough with waste minimization,waste avoidance and recycling.Education and research:It’s still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects,urban designers,industrial designers,and so on.One of the findings of this paper is that embedding‘zero-waste’requires strong industry leadership,new policies and effective education curricula,as well as raising awareness(education)and r
