Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes,including cell division,immune responses,and apoptosis.Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be rev...Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes,including cell division,immune responses,and apoptosis.Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by deubiquitinases(DUBs),which remove ubiquitin from target proteins and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains.Recently,much progress has been made in the DUBs.In humans,the ovarian tumor protease(OTU)subfamily of DUBs includes 16 members,most of which mediate cell signaling cascades.These OTUs show great variation in structure and function,which display a series of mechanistic features.In this review,we provide a comprehensive analysis of current progress in character,structure and function of OTUs,such as the substrate specificity and catalytic activity regulation.Then we discuss the relationship between some diseases and OTUs.Finally,we summarize the structure of viral OTUs and their function in immune escape and viral survival.Despite the challenges,OTUs might provide new therapeutic targets,due to their involvement in key regulatory processes.展开更多
There is a lack of understanding about the bacterial,fungal and archaeal communities’composition of solid-phase denitrification(SPD)systems.We investigated four SPD systems with different carbon sources by analyzing ...There is a lack of understanding about the bacterial,fungal and archaeal communities’composition of solid-phase denitrification(SPD)systems.We investigated four SPD systems with different carbon sources by analyzing microbial gene sequences based on operational taxonomic unit(OTU)and amplicon sequence variant(ASV).The results showed that the corncob-polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate-polycaprolactone(CPSP,0.86±0.04 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))and corncob(0.85±0.06 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))had better denitrification efficiency than polycaprolactone(PCL,0.29±0.11 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))and polyvinyl alcoholsodium alginate(PVA-SA,0.24±0.07 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day)).The bacterial,fungal and archaeal microbial composition was significantly different among carbon source types such as Proteobacteria in PCL(OTU:83.72%,ASV:82.49%)and Rozellomycota in PVA-SA(OTU:71.99%,ASV:81.30%).ASV methods can read more microbial units than that of OTU and exhibit higher alpha diversity and classify some species that had not been identified by OTU such as Nanoarchaeota phylum,unclassified_f_Xanthobacteraceae genus,etc.,indicating ASV may be more conducive to understand SPD microbial communities.The co-occurring network showed some correlation between the bacteria fungi and archaea species,indicating different species may collaborate in SPD systems.Similar KEGG function prediction results were obtained in two bioinformatic methods generally and some fungi and archaea functions should not be ignored in SPD systems.These results may be beneficial for understanding microbial communities in SPD systems.展开更多
Borno state is the second largest state in Nigeria with over 70,000 square kilometers of diverse ecosystems including parts of the fertile Lake Chad basin. However, more than 2/3 of this landmass is threatened with dr...Borno state is the second largest state in Nigeria with over 70,000 square kilometers of diverse ecosystems including parts of the fertile Lake Chad basin. However, more than 2/3 of this landmass is threatened with drought, advancing desertification and degraded soils. Most restoration efforts involve revegetation, which in the past has met with limited success. Microbial communities of soils play a pivotal role in soil fertility and plant cover. We conducted the first metagenomic amplicon sequencing study, comparing two soil depths to determine whether soil bacteria abundance and diversity in the harsh bare soils were sufficient to sustain greening efforts. The goal was to glean insights to guide microbial inoculant formulation needed in the region. Samples from top (0 - 15 cm) and sub (16 - 65 cm) soils were collected from five strategic locations in the state. Using next generation Illumina sequencing protocols, total DNA extracted directly from the soils was sequenced and analyzed by QIIME. Metadata collected from site showed scorching temperatures of over 46?C, near zero moisture level and a pH of about 6 for top soil. At 65 cm depth, the temperature averaged 32?C with a pH of 5 and significantly higher soil moisture of 0.1%. The bacterial community structure was unexpectedly very diverse at both soil depths samples, recording a ChaO1 index ranging from 909 to 4296 and a Shannon diversity range of 3.54 to 6.33. The most abundant phyla in both soil depths were the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria;however the relative abundance of composite lower taxa was strikingly different. Operational taxonomic units and diversity indices were highest for top soils and were dominated by members of resilient groups of Actinobacteria, Firmucutes, Acidobacteria and numerous other less well-known taxa whose individual relative abundance did not exceed 3% of total population. The high diversity and richness of Proteobacteria (at 65 cm depth), some of which are key to soil fertility, suggest that revegetation efforts could be impro展开更多
在全球网络IP化的浪潮中,面对业务IP化和大颗粒化,现有以SDH为主要承载平台的传输网遭遇技术壁垒。而WDM由于技术本身的限制,采用IP over WDM只是组网的一种过渡手段。OTN的出现为传输网的发展带来新的契机,最终将由OTN来实现对业务的承...在全球网络IP化的浪潮中,面对业务IP化和大颗粒化,现有以SDH为主要承载平台的传输网遭遇技术壁垒。而WDM由于技术本身的限制,采用IP over WDM只是组网的一种过渡手段。OTN的出现为传输网的发展带来新的契机,最终将由OTN来实现对业务的承载,即IP over OTN。本文对OTN的分层、复用和映射、特点等方面进行介绍,并对应用进行了分析,用案例说明之。展开更多
From May to August 2008, a large "green tide", consisting of the alga Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, occurred in the Yellow Sea, China, affecting the local marine ecosystem and human activities. We investiga...From May to August 2008, a large "green tide", consisting of the alga Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, occurred in the Yellow Sea, China, affecting the local marine ecosystem and human activities. We investigated the influence of the green tide on the microbial community in the surface seawater, at four sites from July to August 2008, using bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. We sequenced 228 clones of unique patterns identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. The results show that 228 sequenced clones fell into six bacterial phyla:Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Alphaproteobacteria (33%), Gammaproteobacteria (25%), Bacteroidetes (23%) and Cyanobacteria (9%) dominated the assemblage. Comparison between samples collected in July (during the tide) and those collected in August (after the tide) showed that, in the microbial community, diversities of Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria increased after the tide, while those of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased. These results indicate that the green tide influenced the growth of some bacteria, and provide information for further studies on the interactions and relationships between U. prolifera and the bacterial community. This study suggests that microbial community analysis is a good approach to monitoring green tides.展开更多
文摘Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes,including cell division,immune responses,and apoptosis.Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by deubiquitinases(DUBs),which remove ubiquitin from target proteins and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains.Recently,much progress has been made in the DUBs.In humans,the ovarian tumor protease(OTU)subfamily of DUBs includes 16 members,most of which mediate cell signaling cascades.These OTUs show great variation in structure and function,which display a series of mechanistic features.In this review,we provide a comprehensive analysis of current progress in character,structure and function of OTUs,such as the substrate specificity and catalytic activity regulation.Then we discuss the relationship between some diseases and OTUs.Finally,we summarize the structure of viral OTUs and their function in immune escape and viral survival.Despite the challenges,OTUs might provide new therapeutic targets,due to their involvement in key regulatory processes.
基金Thisworkwas supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC0408602).
文摘There is a lack of understanding about the bacterial,fungal and archaeal communities’composition of solid-phase denitrification(SPD)systems.We investigated four SPD systems with different carbon sources by analyzing microbial gene sequences based on operational taxonomic unit(OTU)and amplicon sequence variant(ASV).The results showed that the corncob-polyvinyl alcohol sodium alginate-polycaprolactone(CPSP,0.86±0.04 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))and corncob(0.85±0.06 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))had better denitrification efficiency than polycaprolactone(PCL,0.29±0.11 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day))and polyvinyl alcoholsodium alginate(PVA-SA,0.24±0.07 mg NO_(3)^(−)-N/(g·day)).The bacterial,fungal and archaeal microbial composition was significantly different among carbon source types such as Proteobacteria in PCL(OTU:83.72%,ASV:82.49%)and Rozellomycota in PVA-SA(OTU:71.99%,ASV:81.30%).ASV methods can read more microbial units than that of OTU and exhibit higher alpha diversity and classify some species that had not been identified by OTU such as Nanoarchaeota phylum,unclassified_f_Xanthobacteraceae genus,etc.,indicating ASV may be more conducive to understand SPD microbial communities.The co-occurring network showed some correlation between the bacteria fungi and archaea species,indicating different species may collaborate in SPD systems.Similar KEGG function prediction results were obtained in two bioinformatic methods generally and some fungi and archaea functions should not be ignored in SPD systems.These results may be beneficial for understanding microbial communities in SPD systems.
文摘Borno state is the second largest state in Nigeria with over 70,000 square kilometers of diverse ecosystems including parts of the fertile Lake Chad basin. However, more than 2/3 of this landmass is threatened with drought, advancing desertification and degraded soils. Most restoration efforts involve revegetation, which in the past has met with limited success. Microbial communities of soils play a pivotal role in soil fertility and plant cover. We conducted the first metagenomic amplicon sequencing study, comparing two soil depths to determine whether soil bacteria abundance and diversity in the harsh bare soils were sufficient to sustain greening efforts. The goal was to glean insights to guide microbial inoculant formulation needed in the region. Samples from top (0 - 15 cm) and sub (16 - 65 cm) soils were collected from five strategic locations in the state. Using next generation Illumina sequencing protocols, total DNA extracted directly from the soils was sequenced and analyzed by QIIME. Metadata collected from site showed scorching temperatures of over 46?C, near zero moisture level and a pH of about 6 for top soil. At 65 cm depth, the temperature averaged 32?C with a pH of 5 and significantly higher soil moisture of 0.1%. The bacterial community structure was unexpectedly very diverse at both soil depths samples, recording a ChaO1 index ranging from 909 to 4296 and a Shannon diversity range of 3.54 to 6.33. The most abundant phyla in both soil depths were the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria;however the relative abundance of composite lower taxa was strikingly different. Operational taxonomic units and diversity indices were highest for top soils and were dominated by members of resilient groups of Actinobacteria, Firmucutes, Acidobacteria and numerous other less well-known taxa whose individual relative abundance did not exceed 3% of total population. The high diversity and richness of Proteobacteria (at 65 cm depth), some of which are key to soil fertility, suggest that revegetation efforts could be impro
文摘在全球网络IP化的浪潮中,面对业务IP化和大颗粒化,现有以SDH为主要承载平台的传输网遭遇技术壁垒。而WDM由于技术本身的限制,采用IP over WDM只是组网的一种过渡手段。OTN的出现为传输网的发展带来新的契机,最终将由OTN来实现对业务的承载,即IP over OTN。本文对OTN的分层、复用和映射、特点等方面进行介绍,并对应用进行了分析,用案例说明之。
基金Supported by the Key Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Science(Nos.KSCX2-EW-G-12,KZCX2-YW-JC201)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2009EQ004,JQ200914)+1 种基金the National Science & Technology Pillar Program of China(No.2008BAC49B01)the CAS International Innovation Partnership Program:Typical Environmental Process and Effects on Resources in Coastal Zone Area
文摘From May to August 2008, a large "green tide", consisting of the alga Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, occurred in the Yellow Sea, China, affecting the local marine ecosystem and human activities. We investigated the influence of the green tide on the microbial community in the surface seawater, at four sites from July to August 2008, using bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. We sequenced 228 clones of unique patterns identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. The results show that 228 sequenced clones fell into six bacterial phyla:Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Alphaproteobacteria (33%), Gammaproteobacteria (25%), Bacteroidetes (23%) and Cyanobacteria (9%) dominated the assemblage. Comparison between samples collected in July (during the tide) and those collected in August (after the tide) showed that, in the microbial community, diversities of Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria increased after the tide, while those of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased. These results indicate that the green tide influenced the growth of some bacteria, and provide information for further studies on the interactions and relationships between U. prolifera and the bacterial community. This study suggests that microbial community analysis is a good approach to monitoring green tides.
