This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upst... This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upstream scheme and small dissipation error in the simple second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme and is completely different from most of present positive definite advection schemes which are based on revising the upstream scheme results. The proposed scheme is much less time consuming than present shape-preserving or non-oscillatory advection transport schemes and produces results which are comparable to the results obtained from the present more complicated schemes. Elementary tests are also presented to examine the behavior of the scheme.展开更多
借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Ana...借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Analysis Tool)建立了气候-陆面单向连接系统。将未来气候情景(日降水量、最高和最低气温情景),输入到SWAT模型模拟径流,重点预测评估黄河源区未来不同时期的径流变化情况,并分析讨论气候变化情景下径流深的空间分布及响应。其结果表明,SWAT模型可以较好地模拟黄河源区的流量过程,未来气候变化对黄河源区径流量变化影响很大,而且不同的降尺度情景对模拟结果会产生不同的影响。统计降尺度(SDS)情景模拟表明,黄河源区未来径流量的减少趋势不可避免,未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)将分别减少88.61m3/(s24.15%)、116.64m3/(s31.79%)和151.62m3/(s41.33%),而Delta情景下研究区年平均流量变化相对较小,与基准期相比未来2020s和2050s分别减少63.69m3/s(17.36%)和1.73m3/s(0.47%),而2080s将增加46.93m3/(s12.79%)。展开更多
无线传感器网络中的错误测量数据会导致网络服务质量下降和能量浪费.提出了一种通过融合邻居节点的测量数据来实现故障检测的策略.主要做了以下3项工作:(1)提出了一种新颖的对邻居节点测量数据进行加权的方法;(2)提出了一种衡量测量数...无线传感器网络中的错误测量数据会导致网络服务质量下降和能量浪费.提出了一种通过融合邻居节点的测量数据来实现故障检测的策略.主要做了以下3项工作:(1)提出了一种新颖的对邻居节点测量数据进行加权的方法;(2)提出了一种衡量测量数据之间差距的方法;(3)提出了基于加权中值的故障诊断策略WMFDS(weighted median fault detection scheme),它同时适用于二进制决策和实数测量值.理论分析及仿真结果表明,即使节点发生故障的概率很高,提出的诊断策略也能得到很高的检测精度和较小的误判率,这表明在无线传感器网络故障检测中应用该方法具有很好的性能.展开更多
TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts have attracted considerable attention because of the low recombination rate of their photogenerated electron–hole pairs and their high photocatalytic efficiency.In this review,the...TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts have attracted considerable attention because of the low recombination rate of their photogenerated electron–hole pairs and their high photocatalytic efficiency.In this review,the reaction mechanism of Z‐scheme photocatalysts,recent research progress in the application of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts,and improved methods for photocatalytic performance enhancement are explored.Their applications,including water splitting,CO2reduction,decomposition of volatile organic compounds,and degradation of organic pollutants,are also described.The main factors affecting the photocatalytic performance of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts,such as pH,conductive medium,cocatalyst,architecture,and mass ratio,are discussed.Concluding remarks are presented,and some suggestions for the future development of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts are highlighted.展开更多
This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preservi... This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preserving positive definite advection scheme in the moisture equation of the LASG-REM (LASG regional E-grid eta-coordinate forecast model). By trial-forecasting six local heavy raincases, the efficiency of the shape-preserving advection scheme in practical application has been examined. The LASG-REM with the shape-preserving advection scheme has a good forecasting ability for local precipitation.展开更多
Sunlight-driven photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen(H2)evolution is a desirable strategy to utilize solar energy.However,this strategy is restricted by insufficient light harvesting and high photogenerated ele...Sunlight-driven photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen(H2)evolution is a desirable strategy to utilize solar energy.However,this strategy is restricted by insufficient light harvesting and high photogenerated electron-hole recombination rates of TiO2-based photocatalysts.Here,a graphene-modified WO3/TiO2 step-scheme heterojunction(S-scheme heterojunction)composite photocatalyst was fabricated by a facile one-step hydrothermal method.In the ternary composite,TiO2 and WO3 nanoparticles adhered closely to reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and formed a novel S-scheme heterojunction.Moreover,rGO in the composite not only supplied abundant adsorption and catalytically active sites as an ideal support but also promoted electron separation and transfer from the conduction band of TiO2 by forming a Schottky junction between TiO2 and rGO.The positive cooperative effect of the S-scheme heterojunction formed between WO3 and TiO2 and the Schottky heterojunction formed between TiO2 and graphene sheets suppressed the recombination of relatively useful electrons and holes.This effect also enhanced the light harvesting and promoted the reduction reaction at the active sites.Thus,the novel ternary WO3/TiO2/rGO composite demonstrated a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 245.8μmol g^-1 h^-1,which was approximately 3.5-fold that of pure TiO2.This work not only presents a low-cost graphene-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst that was obtained via a feasible one-step hydrothermal approach to realize highly efficient H2 generation without using noble metals,but also provides new insights into the design of novel heterojunction photocatalysts.展开更多
The grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） was developed in and has been evaluated since early 2004. Although the model shows its ability in simulating the global climate, it suffers from some problems in ...The grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） was developed in and has been evaluated since early 2004. Although the model shows its ability in simulating the global climate, it suffers from some problems in simulating precipitation in the tropics. These biases seem to result mainly from the treatment of the subgrid scale convection, which is parameterized with Tiedtke＇s massflux scheme （or the Zhang-McFarlane scheme, as an option） in the model. In order to reduce the systematic biases, several modifications were made to the Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL, including （1） an increase in lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rate for shallow convection, （2） inclusion of a relative humidity threshold for the triggering of deep convection, and （3） a reduced efficiency for the conversion of cloud water to rainwater in the convection scheme. Two experiments, one with the original Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL and the other with the modified scheme, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified scheme in this study. The results show that both the climatological mean state, such as precipitation, temperature and specific humidity, and interannual variability in the model simulation are improved with the use of this modified scheme. Results from several additional experiments show that the improvements in the model performance in different regions mainly result from either the introduction of the relative humidity threshold for triggering of the deep convection or the suppressed shallow convection due to enhanced lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rates.展开更多
A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm （HCA） is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based o...A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm （HCA） is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification, and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained, and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results---especially in the mixed rain-hail region--can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radar- detected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the Ntional Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘 This paper proposes a new two-step non-oscillatory shape-preserving positive definite finite difference advection transport scheme, which merges the advantages of small dispersion error in the simple first-order upstream scheme and small dissipation error in the simple second-order Lax-Wendroff scheme and is completely different from most of present positive definite advection schemes which are based on revising the upstream scheme results. The proposed scheme is much less time consuming than present shape-preserving or non-oscillatory advection transport schemes and produces results which are comparable to the results obtained from the present more complicated schemes. Elementary tests are also presented to examine the behavior of the scheme.
文摘借助大气环流模式(GCMs)进行区域气候影响评价往往受气候模式的分辨率限制,缺少对应尺度的气候情景,目前一般的做法是通过降尺度方法弥补GCMs气候情景的不足。本文集成GCMs输出数据、降尺度模型和分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Analysis Tool)建立了气候-陆面单向连接系统。将未来气候情景(日降水量、最高和最低气温情景),输入到SWAT模型模拟径流,重点预测评估黄河源区未来不同时期的径流变化情况,并分析讨论气候变化情景下径流深的空间分布及响应。其结果表明,SWAT模型可以较好地模拟黄河源区的流量过程,未来气候变化对黄河源区径流量变化影响很大,而且不同的降尺度情景对模拟结果会产生不同的影响。统计降尺度(SDS)情景模拟表明,黄河源区未来径流量的减少趋势不可避免,未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)将分别减少88.61m3/(s24.15%)、116.64m3/(s31.79%)和151.62m3/(s41.33%),而Delta情景下研究区年平均流量变化相对较小,与基准期相比未来2020s和2050s分别减少63.69m3/s(17.36%)和1.73m3/s(0.47%),而2080s将增加46.93m3/(s12.79%)。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60633060(国家自然科学基金)the National High-Tech Research and Development Plan of China under Grant No.2006AA01Z223(国家高技术研究发展计划(863))the National Grand Fundamental Research973Program of China under Grant No.2005CB321604(国家重点基础研究发展规划(973))
文摘无线传感器网络中的错误测量数据会导致网络服务质量下降和能量浪费.提出了一种通过融合邻居节点的测量数据来实现故障检测的策略.主要做了以下3项工作:(1)提出了一种新颖的对邻居节点测量数据进行加权的方法;(2)提出了一种衡量测量数据之间差距的方法;(3)提出了基于加权中值的故障诊断策略WMFDS(weighted median fault detection scheme),它同时适用于二进制决策和实数测量值.理论分析及仿真结果表明,即使节点发生故障的概率很高,提出的诊断策略也能得到很高的检测精度和较小的误判率,这表明在无线传感器网络故障检测中应用该方法具有很好的性能.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51602207,21433007,51320105001,21573170)the Self-determined and Innovative Research Funds of SKLWUT(2017-ZD-4,2016-KF-17)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2015CFA001)~~
文摘TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts have attracted considerable attention because of the low recombination rate of their photogenerated electron–hole pairs and their high photocatalytic efficiency.In this review,the reaction mechanism of Z‐scheme photocatalysts,recent research progress in the application of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts,and improved methods for photocatalytic performance enhancement are explored.Their applications,including water splitting,CO2reduction,decomposition of volatile organic compounds,and degradation of organic pollutants,are also described.The main factors affecting the photocatalytic performance of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts,such as pH,conductive medium,cocatalyst,architecture,and mass ratio,are discussed.Concluding remarks are presented,and some suggestions for the future development of TiO2‐based Z‐scheme photocatalysts are highlighted.
文摘 This paper presents a methodology which is very useful to design shape-preserving advection finite difference scheme on general E-grid horizontal arrangement of variables through introducing a two-step shape-preserving positive definite advection scheme in the moisture equation of the LASG-REM (LASG regional E-grid eta-coordinate forecast model). By trial-forecasting six local heavy raincases, the efficiency of the shape-preserving advection scheme in practical application has been examined. The LASG-REM with the shape-preserving advection scheme has a good forecasting ability for local precipitation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1705251,21871217,21573170,21433007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1502001)~~
文摘Sunlight-driven photocatalytic water-splitting for hydrogen(H2)evolution is a desirable strategy to utilize solar energy.However,this strategy is restricted by insufficient light harvesting and high photogenerated electron-hole recombination rates of TiO2-based photocatalysts.Here,a graphene-modified WO3/TiO2 step-scheme heterojunction(S-scheme heterojunction)composite photocatalyst was fabricated by a facile one-step hydrothermal method.In the ternary composite,TiO2 and WO3 nanoparticles adhered closely to reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and formed a novel S-scheme heterojunction.Moreover,rGO in the composite not only supplied abundant adsorption and catalytically active sites as an ideal support but also promoted electron separation and transfer from the conduction band of TiO2 by forming a Schottky junction between TiO2 and rGO.The positive cooperative effect of the S-scheme heterojunction formed between WO3 and TiO2 and the Schottky heterojunction formed between TiO2 and graphene sheets suppressed the recombination of relatively useful electrons and holes.This effect also enhanced the light harvesting and promoted the reduction reaction at the active sites.Thus,the novel ternary WO3/TiO2/rGO composite demonstrated a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 245.8μmol g^-1 h^-1,which was approximately 3.5-fold that of pure TiO2.This work not only presents a low-cost graphene-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst that was obtained via a feasible one-step hydrothermal approach to realize highly efficient H2 generation without using noble metals,but also provides new insights into the design of novel heterojunction photocatalysts.
基金This work is jointly supported by CAS International Partnership Creative Group ＂The Climate System Model Development and Application Studies＂, the 973 Project （Grant No. 2005CB321703） the Fund for Innovative Research Groups （Grant No. 40221503） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40233031）.
文摘The grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） was developed in and has been evaluated since early 2004. Although the model shows its ability in simulating the global climate, it suffers from some problems in simulating precipitation in the tropics. These biases seem to result mainly from the treatment of the subgrid scale convection, which is parameterized with Tiedtke＇s massflux scheme （or the Zhang-McFarlane scheme, as an option） in the model. In order to reduce the systematic biases, several modifications were made to the Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL, including （1） an increase in lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rate for shallow convection, （2） inclusion of a relative humidity threshold for the triggering of deep convection, and （3） a reduced efficiency for the conversion of cloud water to rainwater in the convection scheme. Two experiments, one with the original Tiedtke scheme used in GAMIL and the other with the modified scheme, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified scheme in this study. The results show that both the climatological mean state, such as precipitation, temperature and specific humidity, and interannual variability in the model simulation are improved with the use of this modified scheme. Results from several additional experiments show that the improvements in the model performance in different regions mainly result from either the introduction of the relative humidity threshold for triggering of the deep convection or the suppressed shallow convection due to enhanced lateral convective entrainment/detrainment rates.
基金jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675023, 91337103, 91437101 and 41675029)the Scientific Research Projects of CAMS (Grant Nos. 2016Z005 and 2016LASW-B12)the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. KYCX17 0880)
文摘A modified hydrometeor classification algorithm （HCA） is developed in this study for Chinese polarimetric radars. This algorithm is based on the U.S. operational HCA. Meanwhile, the methodology of statistics-based optimization is proposed including calibration checking, datasets selection, membership functions modification, computation thresholds modification, and effect verification. Zhuhai radar, the first operational polarimetric radar in South China, applies these procedures. The systematic bias of calibration is corrected, the reliability of radar measurements deteriorates when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, and correlation coefficient within the melting layer is usually lower than that of the U.S. WSR-88D radar. Through modification based on statistical analysis of polarimetric variables, the localized HCA especially for Zhuhai is obtained, and it performs well over a one-month test through comparison with sounding and surface observations. The algorithm is then utilized for analysis of a squall line process on 11 May 2014 and is found to provide reasonable details with respect to horizontal and vertical structures, and the HCA results---especially in the mixed rain-hail region--can reflect the life cycle of the squall line. In addition, the kinematic and microphysical processes of cloud evolution and the differences between radar- detected hail and surface observations are also analyzed. The results of this study provide evidence for the improvement of this HCA developed specifically for China.
