作物模型为人们认识旱区农业生境过程并对其进行调控提供了一种有效的工具。为了探讨小麦生长模拟模型DSSAT-CERES-Wheat能否准确模拟水分胁迫条件下旱区冬小麦的生长发育和产量形成过程,同时确定参数估计和模型验证的最优方案,该研究...作物模型为人们认识旱区农业生境过程并对其进行调控提供了一种有效的工具。为了探讨小麦生长模拟模型DSSAT-CERES-Wheat能否准确模拟水分胁迫条件下旱区冬小麦的生长发育和产量形成过程,同时确定参数估计和模型验证的最优方案,该研究进行了连续两季（2012.10-2013.06和2013.10-2014.06）的冬小麦分段受旱田间试验。试验将冬小麦整个生育期划分为越冬、返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆5个主要生长阶段,每相邻两个生长阶段连续受旱,形成4个不同的受旱时段水平（D1-D4）,根据小麦生育期的需水量,设置灌水定额分别为40和80 mm 2个水平（I1和I2）,共形成8个处理,每处理3次重复,在遮雨棚内采用裂区试验布置,此外在旁边设置1个各生育期全灌水的对照处理。文中设置了5套不同的参数估计和验证方案,利用DSSAT-GLUE参数估计模块得到不同的参数估计结果。通过对比分析冬小麦物候期、单粒质量、生物量、产量、以及土壤水分含量的模拟值和实测值之间的差异,以确定利用DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟旱区冬小麦生境过程的精度。结果表明,参数P1V（最适温度条件下通过春化阶段所需天数）和G3（成熟期非水分胁迫下单株茎穂标准干质量）具有较强的变异性,变异系数分别为19.07%和16.34%,受基因型-环境互作的影响较大,而其他参数的变异性则较弱,变异系数均小于10%;DSSAT-GLUE参数估计工具具有较好的收敛性,不同参数估计方案所得的参数值具有一定的一致性;不同的参数估计方案所得的模型输出结果有较大差异,其中参数估计方案1（利用两季试验中的充分灌溉处理CK数据进行参数估计,其他不同阶段受旱处理数据进行验证）的模型校正和验证精度最高,其中模型校正的绝对相对误差（absolute relative error,ARE）和相对均方根误差（relative root mean squared error,RRMSE）分别为4.89%和5.18%。在展开更多
Aluminium toxicity in acid soils having pH below 5.5, affects the production of staple food crops, vegetables and cash crops worldwide. About 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. It is trivalent ca...Aluminium toxicity in acid soils having pH below 5.5, affects the production of staple food crops, vegetables and cash crops worldwide. About 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. It is trivalent cationic form i.e. Al3+ that limits the plant’s growth. Absorbed Aluminium inhibits root elongation and adversely affects plant growth. Recently researches have been conducted to understand the mechanism of Aluminium toxicity and resistance which is important for stable food production in future. Aluminium resistance depends on the ability of the plant to tolerate Aluminium in symplast or to exclude it to soil. Physiological and molecular basis of Aluminium toxicity and resistance mechanism are important to understand for developing genetically engineered plants for Al toxicity resistance. This paper provides an overview of the state of art in this field.展开更多
In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance...In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg<sup>-1</sup>, mean net return ($ ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.展开更多
Wheat is one of the major crops in the world,with a global demand expected to reach 850 million tons by 2050 that is clearly outpacing current supply.The continual pressure to sustain wheat yield due to the world’s g...Wheat is one of the major crops in the world,with a global demand expected to reach 850 million tons by 2050 that is clearly outpacing current supply.The continual pressure to sustain wheat yield due to the world’s growing population under fluctuating climate conditions requires breeders to increase yield and yield stability across environments.We are working to integrate deep learning into field-based phenotypic analysis to assist breeders in this endeavour.We have utilised wheat images collected by distributed CropQuant phenotyping workstations deployed for multiyear field experiments of UK bread wheat varieties.Based on these image series,we have developed a deep-learning based analysis pipeline to segment spike regions from complicated backgrounds.As a first step towards robust measurement of key yield traits in the field,we present a promising approach that employ Fully Convolutional Network(FCN)to performsemantic segmentation of images to segment wheat spike regions.We also demonstrate the benefits of transfer learning through the use of parameters obtained from other image datasets.We found that the FCN architecture had achieved a Mean classification Accuracy(MA)>82%on validation data and>76%on test data and Mean Intersection over Union value(MIoU)>73%on validation data and and>64%on test datasets.Through this phenomics research,we trust our attempt is likely to form a sound foundation for extracting key yield-related traits such as spikes per unit area and spikelet number per spike,which can be used to assist yield-focused wheat breeding objectives in near future.展开更多
Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with ...Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat(Triticum aestivum).In this work,we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58(AK58).Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring(CS)shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement.We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus-based genome-wide association study(HGWAS)approach,which was more effective than single homoeolog-based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait-associated loci.A total of 123 major HGWAs loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and cs.Elite homoeologous haplotypes(HHs),formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci,were found in both parents and progeny,and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits.We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58,perform blast analysis,and run JBrowse.Our work enriches genome resources for wheat,provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improve-.ment,and suggests that efficientmining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribuutionto genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops.展开更多
Common wheat(Triticum aestivumL.)is amajor staple food crop that feeds about 40% of the world’s population.Wheat production and utilization accounts for^28% of the global cereal crops(http://www.foodsecurityportal.or...Common wheat(Triticum aestivumL.)is amajor staple food crop that feeds about 40% of the world’s population.Wheat production and utilization accounts for^28% of the global cereal crops(http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/)food-outlookbiannual-report-global-food-markets.Consequently,wheat supplies approximately one-fifth of human calories in a variety of forms,including leavened,flat and steamed breads,biscuits,cakes,different forms of noodles,pasta,couscous,and pies,as well as secondary products such as starch,gluten and nonflour milling fractions.Wheat consumption has been steadily increasing due to population expansion and urbanization.For example,wheat consumed in China increased more than sixfold(from 19 million tons to 123 million tons)in the 50 years from 1962 to 2012[1].展开更多
Mixtures of refined wheat flour (RWF) with flours from different sources could impact the functional qualities and shelf life of wheat-based products. Storage stability is one of the most critical factors for tortilla...Mixtures of refined wheat flour (RWF) with flours from different sources could impact the functional qualities and shelf life of wheat-based products. Storage stability is one of the most critical factors for tortilla quality. Tortillas made from yam (Dioscorea sp.) wheat composite flours were characterized. RWF was substituted with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of fermented yam flour-brown (FYF) and unfermented yam flour-white (UYF). Farinograph water absorptions of UYF-composite flours (65.5% - 77.1%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than FYF-composite flour absorptions (60.5% - 61.5%). During storage, moisture contents of composite flour tortillas increased while the RWF-tortilla decreased. Tortilla from FYF-composite flour exhibited greater strength (3.1 N at day zero on average) compared to UYF-composite tortillas (2.1 N at day zero on average), while UYF-composite flour tortillas had good extensibility and rollability properties. The properties and composition type and ratios of flour blends affected tortilla quality during the storage period. The substitution of RWF with 15% or 20% UYF would be more suitable for making tortilla with improved properties compared to that of FYF.展开更多
No-till(NT)farming(conservation agriculture)began in the US in the 1960s.The state of Ohio has a university research location that began no-till research in 1962.A few innovative Ohio farmers,including NT pioneers Dav...No-till(NT)farming(conservation agriculture)began in the US in the 1960s.The state of Ohio has a university research location that began no-till research in 1962.A few innovative Ohio farmers,including NT pioneers David Brandt and Bill Richards,were early adopters of the new conservation practice.Initially,no-till was most successful on sloping,well drained soils,then with improvements to the system,including cover crops,it became more widely adopted on all soil types.David Brandt was an enthusiastic learner and teacher of no-till practices,working with chemical company representatives and Cooperative Extension Specialists to demonstrate the system.David Brandt’s cooperation with Ohio State University researchers continues to provide a valuable site for studying the long term changes in soil health and ecosystem services.Results showed that total microbial biomass as one of the soil biological health indicators significantly increased with an associated decrease in carbon(C)loss under NT compared with conventional tilled soil(CT).Under NT,there was significantly higher total C and total N compared to CT.Active C,as a composite measure of soil health,significantly increased with NT.When cover crops,especially cover crop cocktail mixes,were used,NT substantially improved soil health.Long-term NT with cover crop cocktail mixes significantly increased the soil aggregate stability,compared with CT.The overall rate of C sequestration by NT suggested that the soils on the Brandt farm act as a consistent sink of atmospheric CO2 although this tends to level off after about 20 years.The Brandt farm showed that crop yields are increased under long-term NT with cover crops mixes.Results suggested that starting with a cover crop when switching from CT to NT,is more likely to ensure success and to maintain economic crop yields.Another early adopter,Bill Richards,from Circleville,Ohio,also became a national leader and promoter of no-till farming.He served as head of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Natural Reso展开更多
Wheat is one of the most important agronomic crops in the world. The regeneration of plants is an important prerequisite for the improvement in genetic manipulation. Protoplast culture of wheat has been proved extreme...Wheat is one of the most important agronomic crops in the world. The regeneration of plants is an important prerequisite for the improvement in genetic manipulation. Protoplast culture of wheat has been proved extremely difficult and intense efforts are making for it. Recently, there have been reports on plantlets formed from wheat protoplasts. However,展开更多
文摘作物模型为人们认识旱区农业生境过程并对其进行调控提供了一种有效的工具。为了探讨小麦生长模拟模型DSSAT-CERES-Wheat能否准确模拟水分胁迫条件下旱区冬小麦的生长发育和产量形成过程,同时确定参数估计和模型验证的最优方案,该研究进行了连续两季（2012.10-2013.06和2013.10-2014.06）的冬小麦分段受旱田间试验。试验将冬小麦整个生育期划分为越冬、返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆5个主要生长阶段,每相邻两个生长阶段连续受旱,形成4个不同的受旱时段水平（D1-D4）,根据小麦生育期的需水量,设置灌水定额分别为40和80 mm 2个水平（I1和I2）,共形成8个处理,每处理3次重复,在遮雨棚内采用裂区试验布置,此外在旁边设置1个各生育期全灌水的对照处理。文中设置了5套不同的参数估计和验证方案,利用DSSAT-GLUE参数估计模块得到不同的参数估计结果。通过对比分析冬小麦物候期、单粒质量、生物量、产量、以及土壤水分含量的模拟值和实测值之间的差异,以确定利用DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟旱区冬小麦生境过程的精度。结果表明,参数P1V（最适温度条件下通过春化阶段所需天数）和G3（成熟期非水分胁迫下单株茎穂标准干质量）具有较强的变异性,变异系数分别为19.07%和16.34%,受基因型-环境互作的影响较大,而其他参数的变异性则较弱,变异系数均小于10%;DSSAT-GLUE参数估计工具具有较好的收敛性,不同参数估计方案所得的参数值具有一定的一致性;不同的参数估计方案所得的模型输出结果有较大差异,其中参数估计方案1（利用两季试验中的充分灌溉处理CK数据进行参数估计,其他不同阶段受旱处理数据进行验证）的模型校正和验证精度最高,其中模型校正的绝对相对误差（absolute relative error,ARE）和相对均方根误差（relative root mean squared error,RRMSE）分别为4.89%和5.18%。在
文摘Aluminium toxicity in acid soils having pH below 5.5, affects the production of staple food crops, vegetables and cash crops worldwide. About 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands are acidic. It is trivalent cationic form i.e. Al3+ that limits the plant’s growth. Absorbed Aluminium inhibits root elongation and adversely affects plant growth. Recently researches have been conducted to understand the mechanism of Aluminium toxicity and resistance which is important for stable food production in future. Aluminium resistance depends on the ability of the plant to tolerate Aluminium in symplast or to exclude it to soil. Physiological and molecular basis of Aluminium toxicity and resistance mechanism are important to understand for developing genetically engineered plants for Al toxicity resistance. This paper provides an overview of the state of art in this field.
文摘In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd<sup>-1</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg<sup>-1</sup>, mean net return ($ ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.
基金Tahani Alkhudaydi was funded by University of Tabuk,scholarship program(37/052/75278)Ji Zhou,Daniel Reynolds,and Simon Griffiths were partially funded by UKRI Biotechnology+4 种基金Biological Sciences Research Council's(BBSRC)Designing Future Wheat Cross-Institute Strategic Programme(BB/P016855/1)to Prof.Graham MooreBBS/E/J/00OPR9781 to Simon GriffithsBBS/E/T/00OPR9785 to Ji ZhouDaniel Reynolds was partially supported by the Core Strategic Programme Grant(BB/CSP17270/l)at the Earlham InstituteBeatriz de la Iglesiawas supported by ES/LO11859/1,from the Business and LocalGovernment Data Research Centre,funded by the Economicand Social Research Council.
文摘Wheat is one of the major crops in the world,with a global demand expected to reach 850 million tons by 2050 that is clearly outpacing current supply.The continual pressure to sustain wheat yield due to the world’s growing population under fluctuating climate conditions requires breeders to increase yield and yield stability across environments.We are working to integrate deep learning into field-based phenotypic analysis to assist breeders in this endeavour.We have utilised wheat images collected by distributed CropQuant phenotyping workstations deployed for multiyear field experiments of UK bread wheat varieties.Based on these image series,we have developed a deep-learning based analysis pipeline to segment spike regions from complicated backgrounds.As a first step towards robust measurement of key yield traits in the field,we present a promising approach that employ Fully Convolutional Network(FCN)to performsemantic segmentation of images to segment wheat spike regions.We also demonstrate the benefits of transfer learning through the use of parameters obtained from other image datasets.We found that the FCN architecture had achieved a Mean classification Accuracy(MA)>82%on validation data and>76%on test data and Mean Intersection over Union value(MIoU)>73%on validation data and and>64%on test datasets.Through this phenomics research,we trust our attempt is likely to form a sound foundation for extracting key yield-related traits such as spikes per unit area and spikelet number per spike,which can be used to assist yield-focused wheat breeding objectives in near future.
基金the Collaborative Innovation Center for Henan Grain Crops,the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2021YFF1000200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Major Program,31991213)+4 种基金the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2021YJ01)the Major Public Welfare Projects of Henan Province(201300110800)the Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100102)the CAAS Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAASZDRW202002)the seed innovation program of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China,and the Henan Provincial R&D Projects of Interregional Cooperation for Local Scientific and Technological Development Guided by the Central Government(YDZX20214100004191).
文摘Despite recent progress in crop genomics studies,the genomic changes brought about by modern breeding selection are still poorly understood,thus hampering genomics-assisted breeding,especially in polyploid crops with compound genomes such as common wheat(Triticum aestivum).In this work,we constructed genome resources for the modern elite common wheat variety Aikang 58(AK58).Comparative genomics between AK58 and the landrace cultivar Chinese Spring(CS)shed light on genomic changes that occurred through recent varietal improvement.We also explored subgenome diploidization and divergence in common wheat and developed a homoeologous locus-based genome-wide association study(HGWAS)approach,which was more effective than single homoeolog-based GWAS in unraveling agronomic trait-associated loci.A total of 123 major HGWAs loci were detected using a genetic population derived from AK58 and cs.Elite homoeologous haplotypes(HHs),formed by combinations of subgenomic homoeologs of the associated loci,were found in both parents and progeny,and many could substantially improve wheat yield and related traits.We built a website where users can download genome assembly sequence and annotation data for AK58,perform blast analysis,and run JBrowse.Our work enriches genome resources for wheat,provides new insights into genomic changes during modern wheat improve-.ment,and suggests that efficientmining of elite HHs can make a substantial contribuutionto genomics-assisted breeding in common wheat and other polyploid crops.
基金the support to this special issue by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101000)
文摘Common wheat(Triticum aestivumL.)is amajor staple food crop that feeds about 40% of the world’s population.Wheat production and utilization accounts for^28% of the global cereal crops(http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/)food-outlookbiannual-report-global-food-markets.Consequently,wheat supplies approximately one-fifth of human calories in a variety of forms,including leavened,flat and steamed breads,biscuits,cakes,different forms of noodles,pasta,couscous,and pies,as well as secondary products such as starch,gluten and nonflour milling fractions.Wheat consumption has been steadily increasing due to population expansion and urbanization.For example,wheat consumed in China increased more than sixfold(from 19 million tons to 123 million tons)in the 50 years from 1962 to 2012[1].
文摘Mixtures of refined wheat flour (RWF) with flours from different sources could impact the functional qualities and shelf life of wheat-based products. Storage stability is one of the most critical factors for tortilla quality. Tortillas made from yam (Dioscorea sp.) wheat composite flours were characterized. RWF was substituted with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of fermented yam flour-brown (FYF) and unfermented yam flour-white (UYF). Farinograph water absorptions of UYF-composite flours (65.5% - 77.1%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than FYF-composite flour absorptions (60.5% - 61.5%). During storage, moisture contents of composite flour tortillas increased while the RWF-tortilla decreased. Tortilla from FYF-composite flour exhibited greater strength (3.1 N at day zero on average) compared to UYF-composite tortillas (2.1 N at day zero on average), while UYF-composite flour tortillas had good extensibility and rollability properties. The properties and composition type and ratios of flour blends affected tortilla quality during the storage period. The substitution of RWF with 15% or 20% UYF would be more suitable for making tortilla with improved properties compared to that of FYF.
文摘No-till(NT)farming(conservation agriculture)began in the US in the 1960s.The state of Ohio has a university research location that began no-till research in 1962.A few innovative Ohio farmers,including NT pioneers David Brandt and Bill Richards,were early adopters of the new conservation practice.Initially,no-till was most successful on sloping,well drained soils,then with improvements to the system,including cover crops,it became more widely adopted on all soil types.David Brandt was an enthusiastic learner and teacher of no-till practices,working with chemical company representatives and Cooperative Extension Specialists to demonstrate the system.David Brandt’s cooperation with Ohio State University researchers continues to provide a valuable site for studying the long term changes in soil health and ecosystem services.Results showed that total microbial biomass as one of the soil biological health indicators significantly increased with an associated decrease in carbon(C)loss under NT compared with conventional tilled soil(CT).Under NT,there was significantly higher total C and total N compared to CT.Active C,as a composite measure of soil health,significantly increased with NT.When cover crops,especially cover crop cocktail mixes,were used,NT substantially improved soil health.Long-term NT with cover crop cocktail mixes significantly increased the soil aggregate stability,compared with CT.The overall rate of C sequestration by NT suggested that the soils on the Brandt farm act as a consistent sink of atmospheric CO2 although this tends to level off after about 20 years.The Brandt farm showed that crop yields are increased under long-term NT with cover crops mixes.Results suggested that starting with a cover crop when switching from CT to NT,is more likely to ensure success and to maintain economic crop yields.Another early adopter,Bill Richards,from Circleville,Ohio,also became a national leader and promoter of no-till farming.He served as head of the United States Department of Agriculture’s Natural Reso
文摘Wheat is one of the most important agronomic crops in the world. The regeneration of plants is an important prerequisite for the improvement in genetic manipulation. Protoplast culture of wheat has been proved extremely difficult and intense efforts are making for it. Recently, there have been reports on plantlets formed from wheat protoplasts. However,
