Background: The University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solutions are the two most frequently used liver graft preservation fluids. The present study aimed to compare their efficacy i...Background: The University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solutions are the two most frequently used liver graft preservation fluids. The present study aimed to compare their efficacy in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients who underwent ex-situ liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA). Methods: A total of 81 patients received ELRA from August 2010 to March 2018. They were allocated into UW ( n = 48) and HTK groups ( n = 33) based on the type of solutions used. Demographic and operational data were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcomes included 90-day mortality, incidence of early graft loss, primary dysfunction, and postoperative complications. Results: Demographic and operational characteristics were similarly distributed in the two groups. No statistically significant differences were observed with regard to 90-day mortality (12.77% vs. 12.12%) and early graft loss rate (8.51% vs. 9.09%) between the two groups. Patients in the UW and HTK groups showed a primary dysfunction rate of 27.66% and 27.27%, respectively. The UW group exhibited a higher incidence tendency of biliary complications, albeit with no statistical significance. Conclusions: This is the largest cohort study comparing the efficacy of the UW and HTK organ-preserving solutions in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients in ELRA settings. UW and HTK solutions presented similar efficacy and safety. A randomized clinical trial with larger scale is needed for further investigation in future clinical applications.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the potential of Polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, in cold storage of small bowel grafts, compared with the current standards, University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Celsior and histid...AIM: To evaluate the potential of Polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, in cold storage of small bowel grafts, compared with the current standards, University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Celsior and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used as donors. Small bowels were retrieved, flushed and then stored in the respective 4 solutions for 18 h at 4℃. Functional integrity of the grafts was evaluated by isolated reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37℃ for 30 min in all 4 groups. RESULTS: Polysol preservation exhibited the highest tissue ATP concentration and the lowest release of LDH. Malondialdehyde, an index for tissue lipid peroxidation, was also the lowest in Polysol. Tissue oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Polysol than in the others. Of interest, UW-storage promoted 10-fold higher apoptosis than in the others. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed that the mucosal villi/micro-villi formation and the cell organelles, including mitochondria, were both significantly better preserved in Polysol, while deleterious alterations were apparent in the others, most notably in UW. Although Celsior and HTK exhibited the better trend of results than UW in some parameters, but could not reach the over-all superiority to UW.CONCLUSION: Cold storage using Polysol resulted in significantly better integrity and function of small bowel grafts than UW. Hence, Polysol may be a novel alternative for the small bowel preservation.展开更多
AIM: To optimize the perfusates used for hypothermicmachine perfusion(HMP).METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to three groups(n = 12 per group) that received either saline, University of Wisconsin col...AIM: To optimize the perfusates used for hypothermicmachine perfusion(HMP).METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to three groups(n = 12 per group) that received either saline, University of Wisconsin coldstorage solution(UW) or histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution(HTK) as the perfusate. Each group was divided into two subgroups: static cold storage(SCS) and HMP(n = 6 per subgroup). The liver graft was retrieved according to the method described by Kamada. For the SCS group, the graft was directly placed into cold perfusate(0-4?℃) for 6 h after liver isolation while the portal vein of the graft was connected to the perfusion machine for the HMP group. Then the perfusates were collected at different time points for analysis of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Liver tissues were obtained for evaluation of histology, dry/wet weight(D/W) ratio, and malondialdehyde(MDA) and adenosine-triphosphate(ATP) levels. The portal vein pressure and velocity were monitored in real time in all HMP subgroups.RESULTS: Comparison of HMP and SCS: Regardless of the perfusate, HMP improved the architecture of donor graft in reducing the congestion around sinusoids and central vein and maintaining sinusoid lining in morphology; HMP improved liver function in terms of ALT, AST and LDH, especially during the 3-6 h period(SCS vs HMP using saline: ALT3, 225.00 ± 105.62 vs 49.50 ± 18.50, P = 0.047; LDH3, 1362.17 ± 563.30 vs 325.75 ± 147.43, P = 0.041; UW: LDH6, 2880.14 ± 948.46 vs 2135.00 ± 174.27, P = 0.049; HTK, AST6, 307.50 ± 52.95 vs 185.20 ± 20.46, P = 0.041); HMP decreased MDA level(saline, 2.79 ± 0.30 vs 1.09 ± 0.09, P = 0.008; UW, 3.01 ± 0.77 vs 1.23 ± 0.68, P = 0.005; HTK, 3.30 ± 0.52 vs 1.56 ± 0.22, P = 0.006). Comparison among HMP subgroups: HTK showed less portal vein resistance than UW and saline(vs saline, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 5.00 ± 0.38, P < 0.001; vs UW, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 4.52 ± 0.63, P = 0.007); UW reduced edema most efficiently(v展开更多
Objective To study the contribution of executive function to abnormal recognition of facia expressions of emotion in schizophrenia patients. Methods Abnormal recognition of facial expressions of emotion was assayed ac...Objective To study the contribution of executive function to abnormal recognition of facia expressions of emotion in schizophrenia patients. Methods Abnormal recognition of facial expressions of emotion was assayed according to Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion （JACFEE）, Wisconsin card sorting test {WCST）, positive and negative symptom scale, and Hamilton anxiety and depression scale, respectively, in 88 paranoid schizophrenia patients and 75 healthy volunteers. Results Patients scored higher on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales, displayed lower JACFEE recognition accuracies and poorer WCST performances. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt and disgust was negatively correlated with the negative symptom scale score while the recognition accuracy of fear was positively with the positive symptom scale score and the recognition accuracy of surprise was negatively with the general psychopathology score in patients. Moreover, the WCST could predict the JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt, disgust, and sadness in patients, and the perseverative errors negatively predicted the recognition accuracy of sadness in healthy volunteers. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of sadness could predict the WCST categories in paranoid schizophrenia patients. Conclusion Recognition accuracy of social-/moral emotions, such as contempt, disgust and sadness is related to the executive function in paranoid schizophrenia patients, especially when regarding sadness.展开更多
Since Dr. Thomas Starzl performed the first series of successful liver transplants(LTs), important advances have been made in immunosuppression, operative techniques, and postoperative care. In 1988, Belzer's grou...Since Dr. Thomas Starzl performed the first series of successful liver transplants(LTs), important advances have been made in immunosuppression, operative techniques, and postoperative care. In 1988, Belzer's group reported the first successful LT using the University of Wisconsin preservation solution(UW).Since then, UW has replaced EuroCollins solution and allowed prolonged and safer preservation of liver, kidney, and pancreas allografts, thus contributing to the improvement of transplant outcomes. Although UW is still considered the standard of care in the United States and in several countries worldwide, a recent meta-analysis revealed similar LT outcomes among UW, Celsior solution, and the Institut Georges Lopez-1 preservation solution, which were slightly superior to those obtained with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate preservation solution.Dynamic preservation has been recently developed, and liver allografts are preserved mainly through the following methods: hypothermic machine perfusion, normothermic machine perfusion, and subnormothermic machine perfusion. Their use has the potential advantage of improving clinical results in LT involving extended criteria donor allografts. Although associated with increased costs, techniques employing machine perfusion of liver allografts have been considered clinically feasible. This editorial focuses on recent advances and future perspectives in liver allograft preservation.展开更多
AIM： To compare, in a pig the protective effect of UW liver transplantation model, with that of IGL-1, a highsodium preservation solution containing polyethylene glycol （PEG） as an oncotic supply. METHODS： All liv...AIM： To compare, in a pig the protective effect of UW liver transplantation model, with that of IGL-1, a highsodium preservation solution containing polyethylene glycol （PEG） as an oncotic supply. METHODS： All livers were harvested and grafted orthotopically according to standard techniques. The livers were washed out and preserved for 7 h in IGL-1 （n = 6） or in UW solution （n = 7） at 4℃. In a sham group （n = 4）, the livers underwent a 60-min warm ischemia at 37℃. The hepatocellular injury was assessed in organ preservation solution washed out from the graft at the end of ischemic storage （before revascularization）, and in serum 2 h after reperfusion and daily for up to 6 d. RESULTS： Livers preserved in IGL-1 solution released markedly less AST than that preserved in the UW solution before and after revascularization （P 〈 0.05）. Besides, the activity of creatine kinase-BB, a marker of sinusoidal lining cells injury, was higher in the UW group than in the IGL-1 group （P 〈 0.05）. Histological results showed less necrotic regions in livers preserved in IGL-1 solution; however, no difference was observed for inflammation. CONCLUSION： IGL-1 liquid effectively protects parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells against preservation-reperfusion injuries.展开更多
The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it rec...The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it received little media attention in the United States. Republic of Vietnam and United States (U.S.) militaries began destroying food crops (rice) in November of 1962 primarily via aerial applications in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands of South Vietnam. Spraying of Agent Blue on 100,000 ha of mangrove forests and about 300,000 ha of rice paddies just before rice harvest time resulted in the destruction of the standing crop and rendered the land contaminated with arsenic (As). Six Rainbow herbicides, commonly called Agent Orange, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent Purple, Agent White, and Agent Blue, were sprayed on wetlands, rice paddies, forests, mangroves, bamboo and military base perimeter fences to defoliate jungle vegetation, reveal guerilla hiding places and destroy the food supply of enemy troops. South Vietnamese farmers, U.S. and Republic of Vietnam military personnel, and communist insurgents were exposed to these herbicides with immediate and longer term impacts on personal health, civilian household food security and population-wide famine. Agent Blue (cacodylic acid, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>2</sub>,) was the most effective of all the Rainbow herbicides in killing rice and grasses. Manufacturing of cacodylic acid began in the late 1950s in the U.S. at the Ansul Company chemical plant in Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan. During the Vietnam War, ocean going ships were loaded with 208-liter Agent Blue barrels and shipped via the St. Lawrence Seaway to the coast of South Vietnam. Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element that is found throughout SE Asia deltas including the Mekong Delta. Today arsenic contaminated rice and groundwater are growing concerns as neither naturally occurring arsenic nor anthropic arsenic have a half-life and cannot be destroyed. Anthropic arsenic has re展开更多
AIM: To investigate whether amifostine contributes to the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) and University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solutions.
To compare liver proteolysis and proteasome activation in steatotic liver grafts conserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) and Institut Georges Lopez-1 (IGL-1) solutions.METHODSFatty liver grafts from male obese Z...To compare liver proteolysis and proteasome activation in steatotic liver grafts conserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) and Institut Georges Lopez-1 (IGL-1) solutions.METHODSFatty liver grafts from male obese Zücker rats were conserved in UW and IGL-1 solutions for 24 h at 4 °Cand subjected to “ex vivo” normo-thermic perfusion (2 h; 37 °C). Liver proteolysis in tissue specimens and perfusate was measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Total free amino acid release was correlated with the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS: measured as chymotryptic-like activity and 20S and 19S proteasome), the prevention of liver injury (transaminases), mitochondrial injury (confocal microscopy) and inflammation markers (TNF 1 alpha, high mobility group box-1 (HGMB-1) and PPAR gamma), and liver apoptosis (TUNEL assay, cytochrome c and caspase 3).RESULTSProfiles of free AA (alanine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, lysine, ornithine, and threonine, among others) were similar for tissue and reperfusion effluent. In all cases, the IGL-1 solution showed a significantly higher prevention of proteolysis than UW (P < 0.05) after cold ischemia reperfusion. Livers conserved in IGL-1 presented more effective prevention of ATP-breakdown and more inhibition of UPS activity (measured as chymotryptic-like activity). In addition, the prevention of liver proteolysis and UPS activation correlated with the prevention of liver injury (AST/ALT) and mitochondrial damage (revealed by confocal microscopy findings) as well as with the prevention of inflammatory markers (TNF1alpha and HMGB) after reperfusion. In addition, the liver grafts preserved in IGL-1 showed a significant decrease in liver apoptosis, as shown by TUNEL assay and the reduction of cytochrome c, caspase 3 and P62 levels.CONCLUSIONOur comparison of these two preservation solutions suggests that IGL-1 helps to prevent ATP breakdown more effectively than UW and subsequently achieves a higher UPS inhibition and reduced liver prot展开更多
In the Cordillera of western North America, the influence of the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation only affects coastal areas west of the Coast Range and the lowlands of western and southern Alaska. The rest of the are...In the Cordillera of western North America, the influence of the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation only affects coastal areas west of the Coast Range and the lowlands of western and southern Alaska. The rest of the area is subject to a climate controlled by the relative strengths of three distinct air masses, viz., the cold cA/cP air that is dominant in winter, the mP air bringing cool moist air over the mountains throughout the year, and the dry hot cT air from the deserts of the southwestern United States. The Arctic Front marks the boundary between the cA/cP air mass and the other two. Changes in the relative strengths of these air masses appear to explain the climatic changes documented throughout the region. Thus, in the last 30 years, the average position of the Arctic Front has moved north from about 53°N to 58°N, causing the warming in northern British Columbia and cooling south of Calgary, Alberta. This concept of changing positions of the air masses also appears to explain the mechanism behind the past climatic changes in this region. During the last Neoglacial event （c.1400-1900 A.D.）, it appears that the cA/cP air mass had strengthened enough to push the Arctic Front south of the 49th parallel. Incursions of mP air increased with localized areas of short-term heavy snowfalls resulting in small-scale advances of glaciers in these regions. This accounts for the variability in timing and extent of these glacial advances, while the resulting increased Chinook activity produced the development of a sand sea between Medicine Hat and Regina on the southern Prairies. The cT air mass was relatively weak, permitting these changes. During the maximum of the Altithermal/Hysithermal warm event （6,000 years B.P.）, the Arctic Front had retreated into the southern Yukon Territory as the cT air mass became stronger. The mP air could not move inland as easily, resulting in drier climates across the region. Prairie plants mi- grated into the southern Yukon Territory, and land snails from the eastern United Stat展开更多
AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ...AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may 展开更多
基金supported by grants from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Key Laboratory Open Research Program(No.2018D03002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81560329)+1 种基金Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Key Scientific Research Program(No.201430123–2)State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis,Prevention,Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Fund(No.SKL-HIDCA-2017-Y2)
文摘Background: The University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solutions are the two most frequently used liver graft preservation fluids. The present study aimed to compare their efficacy in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients who underwent ex-situ liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA). Methods: A total of 81 patients received ELRA from August 2010 to March 2018. They were allocated into UW ( n = 48) and HTK groups ( n = 33) based on the type of solutions used. Demographic and operational data were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcomes included 90-day mortality, incidence of early graft loss, primary dysfunction, and postoperative complications. Results: Demographic and operational characteristics were similarly distributed in the two groups. No statistically significant differences were observed with regard to 90-day mortality (12.77% vs. 12.12%) and early graft loss rate (8.51% vs. 9.09%) between the two groups. Patients in the UW and HTK groups showed a primary dysfunction rate of 27.66% and 27.27%, respectively. The UW group exhibited a higher incidence tendency of biliary complications, albeit with no statistical significance. Conclusions: This is the largest cohort study comparing the efficacy of the UW and HTK organ-preserving solutions in end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients in ELRA settings. UW and HTK solutions presented similar efficacy and safety. A randomized clinical trial with larger scale is needed for further investigation in future clinical applications.
基金BONFOR-Grant and the DFG grant, No. TO 542/1-1 to RHT
文摘AIM: To evaluate the potential of Polysol, a newly developed preservation solution, in cold storage of small bowel grafts, compared with the current standards, University of Wisconsin solution (UW), Celsior and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used as donors. Small bowels were retrieved, flushed and then stored in the respective 4 solutions for 18 h at 4℃. Functional integrity of the grafts was evaluated by isolated reperfusion with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37℃ for 30 min in all 4 groups. RESULTS: Polysol preservation exhibited the highest tissue ATP concentration and the lowest release of LDH. Malondialdehyde, an index for tissue lipid peroxidation, was also the lowest in Polysol. Tissue oxygen consumption was significantly higher in Polysol than in the others. Of interest, UW-storage promoted 10-fold higher apoptosis than in the others. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed that the mucosal villi/micro-villi formation and the cell organelles, including mitochondria, were both significantly better preserved in Polysol, while deleterious alterations were apparent in the others, most notably in UW. Although Celsior and HTK exhibited the better trend of results than UW in some parameters, but could not reach the over-all superiority to UW.CONCLUSION: Cold storage using Polysol resulted in significantly better integrity and function of small bowel grafts than UW. Hence, Polysol may be a novel alternative for the small bowel preservation.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Major Project,No.2012ZX10002-017Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Group,No.81121002+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81000137 and No.81470891The Qianjiang Talent Program of Zhejiang Province,China,No.2012R10045the Scientific Research Program for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,Ministry of Health,China,No.J20112008National High Technology Research and Development Program of China for Young Scientists(863 Program),No.2015AA020923Ministry of Education,Zhejiang Province,China,No.Y201328095
文摘AIM: To optimize the perfusates used for hypothermicmachine perfusion(HMP).METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to three groups(n = 12 per group) that received either saline, University of Wisconsin coldstorage solution(UW) or histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution(HTK) as the perfusate. Each group was divided into two subgroups: static cold storage(SCS) and HMP(n = 6 per subgroup). The liver graft was retrieved according to the method described by Kamada. For the SCS group, the graft was directly placed into cold perfusate(0-4?℃) for 6 h after liver isolation while the portal vein of the graft was connected to the perfusion machine for the HMP group. Then the perfusates were collected at different time points for analysis of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels. Liver tissues were obtained for evaluation of histology, dry/wet weight(D/W) ratio, and malondialdehyde(MDA) and adenosine-triphosphate(ATP) levels. The portal vein pressure and velocity were monitored in real time in all HMP subgroups.RESULTS: Comparison of HMP and SCS: Regardless of the perfusate, HMP improved the architecture of donor graft in reducing the congestion around sinusoids and central vein and maintaining sinusoid lining in morphology; HMP improved liver function in terms of ALT, AST and LDH, especially during the 3-6 h period(SCS vs HMP using saline: ALT3, 225.00 ± 105.62 vs 49.50 ± 18.50, P = 0.047; LDH3, 1362.17 ± 563.30 vs 325.75 ± 147.43, P = 0.041; UW: LDH6, 2880.14 ± 948.46 vs 2135.00 ± 174.27, P = 0.049; HTK, AST6, 307.50 ± 52.95 vs 185.20 ± 20.46, P = 0.041); HMP decreased MDA level(saline, 2.79 ± 0.30 vs 1.09 ± 0.09, P = 0.008; UW, 3.01 ± 0.77 vs 1.23 ± 0.68, P = 0.005; HTK, 3.30 ± 0.52 vs 1.56 ± 0.22, P = 0.006). Comparison among HMP subgroups: HTK showed less portal vein resistance than UW and saline(vs saline, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 5.00 ± 0.38, P < 0.001; vs UW, 3.41 ± 0.49 vs 4.52 ± 0.63, P = 0.007); UW reduced edema most efficiently(v
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30971042 and 91132715)the Innovative Research Team for Translational Neuropsychiatric Medicine, Zhejiang Province (2011R50049)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, Chinese Ministry of Education (No. IRT1038)
文摘Objective To study the contribution of executive function to abnormal recognition of facia expressions of emotion in schizophrenia patients. Methods Abnormal recognition of facial expressions of emotion was assayed according to Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion （JACFEE）, Wisconsin card sorting test {WCST）, positive and negative symptom scale, and Hamilton anxiety and depression scale, respectively, in 88 paranoid schizophrenia patients and 75 healthy volunteers. Results Patients scored higher on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales, displayed lower JACFEE recognition accuracies and poorer WCST performances. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt and disgust was negatively correlated with the negative symptom scale score while the recognition accuracy of fear was positively with the positive symptom scale score and the recognition accuracy of surprise was negatively with the general psychopathology score in patients. Moreover, the WCST could predict the JACFEE recognition accuracy of contempt, disgust, and sadness in patients, and the perseverative errors negatively predicted the recognition accuracy of sadness in healthy volunteers. The JACFEE recognition accuracy of sadness could predict the WCST categories in paranoid schizophrenia patients. Conclusion Recognition accuracy of social-/moral emotions, such as contempt, disgust and sadness is related to the executive function in paranoid schizophrenia patients, especially when regarding sadness.
文摘Since Dr. Thomas Starzl performed the first series of successful liver transplants(LTs), important advances have been made in immunosuppression, operative techniques, and postoperative care. In 1988, Belzer's group reported the first successful LT using the University of Wisconsin preservation solution(UW).Since then, UW has replaced EuroCollins solution and allowed prolonged and safer preservation of liver, kidney, and pancreas allografts, thus contributing to the improvement of transplant outcomes. Although UW is still considered the standard of care in the United States and in several countries worldwide, a recent meta-analysis revealed similar LT outcomes among UW, Celsior solution, and the Institut Georges Lopez-1 preservation solution, which were slightly superior to those obtained with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate preservation solution.Dynamic preservation has been recently developed, and liver allografts are preserved mainly through the following methods: hypothermic machine perfusion, normothermic machine perfusion, and subnormothermic machine perfusion. Their use has the potential advantage of improving clinical results in LT involving extended criteria donor allografts. Although associated with increased costs, techniques employing machine perfusion of liver allografts have been considered clinically feasible. This editorial focuses on recent advances and future perspectives in liver allograft preservation.
文摘AIM： To compare, in a pig the protective effect of UW liver transplantation model, with that of IGL-1, a highsodium preservation solution containing polyethylene glycol （PEG） as an oncotic supply. METHODS： All livers were harvested and grafted orthotopically according to standard techniques. The livers were washed out and preserved for 7 h in IGL-1 （n = 6） or in UW solution （n = 7） at 4℃. In a sham group （n = 4）, the livers underwent a 60-min warm ischemia at 37℃. The hepatocellular injury was assessed in organ preservation solution washed out from the graft at the end of ischemic storage （before revascularization）, and in serum 2 h after reperfusion and daily for up to 6 d. RESULTS： Livers preserved in IGL-1 solution released markedly less AST than that preserved in the UW solution before and after revascularization （P 〈 0.05）. Besides, the activity of creatine kinase-BB, a marker of sinusoidal lining cells injury, was higher in the UW group than in the IGL-1 group （P 〈 0.05）. Histological results showed less necrotic regions in livers preserved in IGL-1 solution; however, no difference was observed for inflammation. CONCLUSION： IGL-1 liquid effectively protects parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells against preservation-reperfusion injuries.
文摘The destruction of the South Vietnamese rice (<em>Oryza sativa L</em>) crop using an arsenic-based herbicide known as Agent Blue during the American Vietnam War (1965-1972) was not a secret;however, it received little media attention in the United States. Republic of Vietnam and United States (U.S.) militaries began destroying food crops (rice) in November of 1962 primarily via aerial applications in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands of South Vietnam. Spraying of Agent Blue on 100,000 ha of mangrove forests and about 300,000 ha of rice paddies just before rice harvest time resulted in the destruction of the standing crop and rendered the land contaminated with arsenic (As). Six Rainbow herbicides, commonly called Agent Orange, Agent Green, Agent Pink, Agent Purple, Agent White, and Agent Blue, were sprayed on wetlands, rice paddies, forests, mangroves, bamboo and military base perimeter fences to defoliate jungle vegetation, reveal guerilla hiding places and destroy the food supply of enemy troops. South Vietnamese farmers, U.S. and Republic of Vietnam military personnel, and communist insurgents were exposed to these herbicides with immediate and longer term impacts on personal health, civilian household food security and population-wide famine. Agent Blue (cacodylic acid, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>2</sub>,) was the most effective of all the Rainbow herbicides in killing rice and grasses. Manufacturing of cacodylic acid began in the late 1950s in the U.S. at the Ansul Company chemical plant in Marinette, Wisconsin and Menominee, Michigan. During the Vietnam War, ocean going ships were loaded with 208-liter Agent Blue barrels and shipped via the St. Lawrence Seaway to the coast of South Vietnam. Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element that is found throughout SE Asia deltas including the Mekong Delta. Today arsenic contaminated rice and groundwater are growing concerns as neither naturally occurring arsenic nor anthropic arsenic have a half-life and cannot be destroyed. Anthropic arsenic has re
文摘AIM: To investigate whether amifostine contributes to the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) and University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solutions.
基金Supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII)through the FIS project PI12/0056,co-funded by FEDER from Regional Development European Funds(European Union)
文摘To compare liver proteolysis and proteasome activation in steatotic liver grafts conserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) and Institut Georges Lopez-1 (IGL-1) solutions.METHODSFatty liver grafts from male obese Zücker rats were conserved in UW and IGL-1 solutions for 24 h at 4 °Cand subjected to “ex vivo” normo-thermic perfusion (2 h; 37 °C). Liver proteolysis in tissue specimens and perfusate was measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Total free amino acid release was correlated with the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS: measured as chymotryptic-like activity and 20S and 19S proteasome), the prevention of liver injury (transaminases), mitochondrial injury (confocal microscopy) and inflammation markers (TNF 1 alpha, high mobility group box-1 (HGMB-1) and PPAR gamma), and liver apoptosis (TUNEL assay, cytochrome c and caspase 3).RESULTSProfiles of free AA (alanine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, lysine, ornithine, and threonine, among others) were similar for tissue and reperfusion effluent. In all cases, the IGL-1 solution showed a significantly higher prevention of proteolysis than UW (P < 0.05) after cold ischemia reperfusion. Livers conserved in IGL-1 presented more effective prevention of ATP-breakdown and more inhibition of UPS activity (measured as chymotryptic-like activity). In addition, the prevention of liver proteolysis and UPS activation correlated with the prevention of liver injury (AST/ALT) and mitochondrial damage (revealed by confocal microscopy findings) as well as with the prevention of inflammatory markers (TNF1alpha and HMGB) after reperfusion. In addition, the liver grafts preserved in IGL-1 showed a significant decrease in liver apoptosis, as shown by TUNEL assay and the reduction of cytochrome c, caspase 3 and P62 levels.CONCLUSIONOur comparison of these two preservation solutions suggests that IGL-1 helps to prevent ATP breakdown more effectively than UW and subsequently achieves a higher UPS inhibition and reduced liver prot
文摘In the Cordillera of western North America, the influence of the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation only affects coastal areas west of the Coast Range and the lowlands of western and southern Alaska. The rest of the area is subject to a climate controlled by the relative strengths of three distinct air masses, viz., the cold cA/cP air that is dominant in winter, the mP air bringing cool moist air over the mountains throughout the year, and the dry hot cT air from the deserts of the southwestern United States. The Arctic Front marks the boundary between the cA/cP air mass and the other two. Changes in the relative strengths of these air masses appear to explain the climatic changes documented throughout the region. Thus, in the last 30 years, the average position of the Arctic Front has moved north from about 53°N to 58°N, causing the warming in northern British Columbia and cooling south of Calgary, Alberta. This concept of changing positions of the air masses also appears to explain the mechanism behind the past climatic changes in this region. During the last Neoglacial event （c.1400-1900 A.D.）, it appears that the cA/cP air mass had strengthened enough to push the Arctic Front south of the 49th parallel. Incursions of mP air increased with localized areas of short-term heavy snowfalls resulting in small-scale advances of glaciers in these regions. This accounts for the variability in timing and extent of these glacial advances, while the resulting increased Chinook activity produced the development of a sand sea between Medicine Hat and Regina on the southern Prairies. The cT air mass was relatively weak, permitting these changes. During the maximum of the Altithermal/Hysithermal warm event （6,000 years B.P.）, the Arctic Front had retreated into the southern Yukon Territory as the cT air mass became stronger. The mP air could not move inland as easily, resulting in drier climates across the region. Prairie plants mi- grated into the southern Yukon Territory, and land snails from the eastern United Stat
基金Supported by Research grants from the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,No.H22-seishin-ippan-001the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,No.22390225,No.25293250 and No.24591680+3 种基金Challenging Exploratory Research,No.23659565the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas(Comprehensive Brain Science Network),No.25129704Priority Areas-Research on the Pathomechanisms of Brain Disorders,No.18023045the Japan Foundation for Neuroscience and Mental Health
文摘AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may
